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King Magnus had three battles with Svein Ulfson。 So says Thiodolf：
〃To our brave Throndhjem sovereign's praise The skald may all his skaldcraft raise； For fortune； and for daring deed； His song will not the truth exceed。 After three battles to regain What was his own； unjustly ta'en； Unjustly kept； and dues denied； He levied dues in red…blood dyed。〃
37。 OF KING MAGNUS； AND THORFIN AND RAGNVALD； EARLS OF ORKNEY。
While King Magnus the Good； a son of King Olaf the Saint； ruled over Norway； as before related； the Earl Ragnvald Brusason lived with him。 Earl Thorfin Sigurdson； the uncle of Ragnvald； ruled then over Orkney。 King Magnus sent Ragnvald west to Orkney； and ordered that Thorfin should let him have his father's heritage。 Thorfin let Ragnvald have a third part of the land along with him； for so had Erase； the father of Ragnvald； had it at his dying day。 Earl Thorfin was married to Ingebjorg； the earl… mother； who was a daughter of Fin Arnason。 Earl Ragnvald thought he should have two…thirds of the land； as Olaf the Saint had promised to his father Bruse； and as Bruse had enjoyed as long as Olaf lived。 This was the origin of a great strife between these relations； concerning which we have a long saga。 They had a great battle in Pentland Firth； in which Kalf Arnason was with Earl Thorfin。 So says Bjarne Gullbrarskald：
〃Thy cutters； dashing through the tide； Brought aid to Earl Thorfin's side； Fin's son…in…law； and people say Thy aid made Bruse's son give way。 Kalf； thou art fond of warlike toil； Gay in the strife and bloody broil； But here 'twas hate made thee contend Against Earl Ragnvald； the king's friend。〃
38。 OF KING MAGNUS'S LETTER TO ENGLAND。
King Magnus ruled then both over Denmark and Norway； and when he had got possession of the Danish dominions he sent ambassadors over to England to King Edward； who brought to him King Magnus's letter and seal。 And in this letter there stood； along with a salutation from King Magnus； these words： 〃Ye must have heard of the agreement which I and Hardaknut made； that he of us two who survived the other should have all the land and people which the deceased had possessed。 Now it has so turned out； as ye have no doubt heard； that I have taken the Danish dominions as my heritage after Hardaknut。 But before he departed this life he had England as well as Denmark； therefore I consider myself now； in consequence of my rights by this agreement； to own England also。 Now I will therefore that thou deliver to me the kingdom； otherwise I will seek to take it by arms； both from Denmark and Norway； and let him rule the land to whom fate gives the victory。〃
39。 KING EDWARD'S ANSWER TO KING MAGNUS'S LETTER。
Now when King Edward had read this letter； he replied thus： 〃It is known to all men in this country that King Ethelred； my father； was udal…born to this kingdom； both after the old and new law of inheritance。 We were four sons after him； and when he by death left the throne my brother Edmund took the government and kingdom； for he was the oldest of us brothers； and I was well satisfied that it was so。 And after him my stepfather； Canute the Great； took the kingdom； and as long as he lived there was no access to it。 After him my brother Harald was king as long as he lived； and after him my brother Hardaknut took the kingdoms both of Denmark and England； for he thought that a just brotherly division that he should have both England and Denmark； and that I should have no kingdom at all。 Now he died； and then it was the resolution of all the people of the country to take me for king here in England。 So long as I had no kingly title I served only superiors in all respects； like those who had no claims by birth to land or kingdom。 Now； however； I have received the kingly title； and am consecrated king。 I have established my royal dignity and authority； as my father before me； and while I live I will not renounce my title。 If King Magnus come here with an army； I will gather no army against him； but he shall only get the opportunity of taking England when he has taken my life。 Tell him these words of mine。〃 The ambassadors went back to King Magnus； and told him the answer to their message。 King Magnus reflected a while； and answered thus： 〃I think it wisest； and will succeed best； to let King Edward have his kingdom in peace for me； and that I keep the kingdoms God has put into my hands。〃
SAGA OF HARALD HARDRADE。
PRELIMINARY REMARKS。
Harald； son of Sigurd Syr； was born in the year A。D。 1015； and left Norway A。D。 1030。 He was called Hardrade； that is； the severe counsellor； the tyrant； though the Icelanders never applied this epithet to him。 Harald helped the Icelanders in the famine of A。D。 1056； and sent them timber for a church at Thingvol。 It was the Norwegians who gave him the name tyrant in contrast to the 〃debonairete〃 of Magnus。 He came to Norway in A。D。 1046； and became sole king in A。D。 1047。 He died in A。D。 1066； and his son and successor Magnus died in A。D。 1069。
His saga is to be compared with 〃Agrip〃； 〃Fagrskinna〃； and 〃Morkinskinna〃。
The skalds quoted are： Thiodolf； Bolverk； Illuge Bryndalaskald； Stuf the skald； Thorarin Skeggjason； Valgard o' Val； Od Kikinaskald； Grane Skald； Thorleik the Fair； Stein Herdison； Ulf the Marshal； Arnor the earls' skald； Thorkel Skallason； and King Harald Hardrade himself。
1。 HARALD ESCAPES FROM THE BATTLE OF STIKLESTAD。
Harald； son of Sigurd Syr； brother of Olaf the Saint； by the same mother； was at the battle of Stiklestad； and was fifteen years old when King Olaf the Saint fell； as was before related。 Harald was wounded； and escaped with other fugitives。 So says Thiodolf：
〃At Haug the fire…sparks from his shield Flew round the king's head on the field； As blow for blow； for Olaf's sake； His sword and shield would give and take。 Bulgaria's conqueror； I ween； Had scarcely fifteen winters seen； When from his murdered brother's side His unhelmed head he had to hide。〃
Ragnvald Brusason led Harald from the battle； and the night after the fray took him to a bonde who dwelt in a forest far from other people。 The peasant received Harald； and kept him concealed； and Harald was waited upon until he was quite cured of his wounds。 Then the bonde's son attended him on the way east over the ridge of the land； and they went by all the forest paths they could； avoiding the common road。 The bonde's son did not know who it was he was attending； and as they were riding together between two uninhabited forests； Harald made these verses：
〃My wounds were bleeding as I rode； And down below the bondes strode； Killing the wounded with the sword； The followers of their rightful lord。 From wood to wood I crept along； Unnoticed by the bonde…throng； ‘Who knows；' I thought； ‘a day may come My name will yet be great at home。'〃
He went eastward over the ridge through Jamtaland and Helsingjaland； and came to Svithjod； where he found Ragnvald Brusason； and many others of King Olaf's men who had fled from the battle at Stiklestad； and they remained there till winter was over。
2。 HARALD'S JOURNEY TO CONSTANTINOPLE。
The spring after （A。D。 1031） Harald and Ragnvald got ships； and went east in summer to Russia to King Jarisleif； and were with him all the following winter。 So says the skald Bolverk：
〃The king's sharp sword lies clean and bright； Prepared in foreign lands to fight： Our ravens croak to have their fill； The wolf howls from the distant hill。 Our brave king is to Russia gone； Braver than he on earth there's none； His sharp sword will carve many feast To wolf and raven in the East。〃
King Jarisleif gave Harald and Ragnvald a kind reception； and made Harald and Ellif； the son of Earl Ragnvald； chiefs over the land…defence men of the king。 So says Thiodolf：
〃Where Ellif was； one heart and hand The two chiefs had in their command； In wedge or line their battle order Was ranged by both without disorder。 The eastern Vindland men they drove Into a corner； and they move The Lesians； although ill at ease； To take the laws their conquerors please。〃
Harald remained several years in Russia； and travelled far and wide in the Eastern land。 Then he began his expedition out to Greece； and had a great suite of men with him； and on he went to Constantinople。 So says Bolverk：
〃Before the cold sea…curling blast The cutter from the land flew past； Her black yards swinging to and fro； Her shield…hung gunwale dipping low。 The king saw glancing o'er the bow Constantinople's metal glow From tower and roof； and painted sails Gliding past towns and wooded vales。〃
3。 OF HARALD。
At that time the Greek empire was ruled by the Empress Zoe the Great； and with her Michael Catalactus。 Now when Harald came to Constantinople he presented himself to the empress； and went into her pay； and immediately； in autumn； went on board the galleys manned with troops which went out to the Greek sea。 Harald