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19。 OF THE EARLS OF ROUEN。
King Olaf had been two summers and one winter in the west in Valland on this cruise； and thirteen years had now passed since the fall of King Olaf Trygvason。 During this time earls had ruled over Norway； first Hakon's sons Eirik and Svein； and afterwards Eirik's sons Hakon and Svein。 Hakon was a sister's son of King Canute； the son of Svein。 During this time there were two earls in Valland； William and Robert； their father was Richard earl of Rouen。 They ruled over Normandy。 Their sister was Queen Emma； whom the English king Ethelred had married； and their sons were Edmund； Edward the Good； Edwy； and Edgar。 Richard the earl of Rouen was a son of Richard the son of William Long Spear； who was the son of Rolf Ganger； the earl who first conquered Normandy； and he again was a son of Ragnvald the Mighty； earl of More； as before related。 From Rolf Ganger are descended the earls of Rouen； who have long reckoned themselves of kin to the chiefs in Norway； and hold them in such respect that they always were the greatest friends of the Northmen； and every Northman found a friendly country in Normandy； if he required it。 To Normandy King Olaf came in autumn （A。D。 1013）； and remained all winter （A。D。 1014） in the river Seine in good peace and quiet。
20。 OF EINAR TAMBASKELFER。
After Olaf Trygvason's fall； Earl Eirik gave peace to Einar Tambaskelfer； the son of Eindride Styrkarson； and Einar went north with the earl to Norway。 It is said that Einar was the strongest man and the best archer that ever was in Norway。 His shooting was sharp beyond all others； for with a blunt arrow he shot through a raw； soft ox…hide； hanging over a beam。 He was better than any man at running on snow…shoes； was a great man at all exercises； was of high family； and rich。 The earls Eirik and Svein married their sister Bergliot to Einar。 Their son was named Eindride。 The earls gave Einar great fiefs in Orkadal； so that he was one of the most powerful and able men in the Throndhjem country； and was also a great friend of the earls； and a great support and aid to them。
21。 OF ERLING SKIALGSON。
When Olaf Trygvason ruled over Norway； he gave his brother…in…law Erling half of the land scat； and royal revenues between the Naze and Sogn。 His other sister he married to the Earl Ragnvald Ulfson； who long ruled over West Gautland。 Ragnvald's father； Ulf； was a brother of Sigrid the Haughty； the mother of Olaf the Swedish king。 Earl Eirik was ill pleased that Erling Skialgson had so large a dominion； and he took to himself all the king's estates； which King Olaf had given to Erling。 But Erling levied； as before； all the land scat in Rogaland； and thus the inhabitants had often to pay him the land scat； otherwise he laid waste their land。 The earl made little of the business； for no bailiff of his could live there； and the earl could only come there in guest…quarters； when he had a great many people with him。 So says Sigvat：
〃Olaf the king Thought the bonde Erling A man who would grace His own royal race。 One sister the king Gave the bonde Erling； And one to an earl； And she saved him in peril。〃
Earl Eirik did not venture to fight with Erling； because he had very powerful and very many friends； and was himself rich and popular； and kept always as many retainers about him as if he held a king's court。 Erling vas often out in summer on plundering expeditions； and procured for himself means of living； for he continued his usual way of high and splendid living； although now he had fewer and less convenient fiefs than in the time of his brother…in…law King Olaf Trygvason。 Erling was one of the handsomest； largest； and strongest men； a better warrior than any other； and in all exercises he was like King Olaf himself。 He was； besides； a man of understanding； jealous in everything he undertook； and a deadly man at arms。 Sigvat talks thus of him：
〃No earl or baron； young or old； Match with this bonde brave can hold。 Mild was brave Erling； all men say； When not engaged in bloody fray： His courage he kept hid until The fight began； then foremost still Erling was seen in war's wild game； And famous still is Erling's name。〃
It was a common saying among the people； that Erling had been the most valiant who ever held lands under a king in Norway。 Erlings and Astrid s children were these Aslak； Skialg； Sigurd； Lodin； Thorer； and Ragnhild； who was married to Thorberg Arnason。 Erling had always with him ninety free…born men or more； and both winter and summer it was the custom in his house to drink at the mid…day meal according to a measure （1）； but at the night meal there was no measure in drinking。 When the earl was in the neighbourhood he had 200 （2） men or more。 He never went to sea with less than a fully…manned ship of twenty benches of rowers。 Erling had also a ship of thirty…two benches of rowers； which was besides； very large for that size。 and which he used in viking cruises； or on an expedition； and in it there were 200 men at the very least。
ENDNOTES： （1） There were silver…studs in a row from the rim to the bottom of the drinking born or cup； and as it went round each drank till the stud appeared above the liquor。 This was drinking by measure。 L。 （2） I。e。； 240。
22。 OF THE HERSE ERLING SKIALGSON。
Erling had always at home on his farm thirty slaves； besides other serving…people。 He gave his slaves a certain day's work； but after it he gave them leisure； and leave that each should work in the twilight and at night for himself； and as he pleased。 He gave them arable land to sow corn in； and let them apply their crops to their own use。 He laid upon each a certain quantity of labour to work themselves free by doing it； and there were many who bought their freedom in this way in one year； or in the second year； and all who had any luck could make themselves free within three years。 With this money he bought other slaves： and to some of his freed people he showed how to work in the herring… fishery； to others he showed some useful handicraft； and some cleared his outfields and set up houses。 He helped all to prosperity。
23。 OF EARL EIRIK。
When Earl Eirik had ruled over Norway for twelve years。 there came a message to him from his brother…in…law King Canute； the Danish king； that he should go with him on an expedition westward to England； for Eirik was very celebrated for his campaigns； as he had gained the victory in the two hardest engagements which had ever been fought in the north countries。 The one was that in which the Earls Hakon and Eirik fought with the Jomsborg vikings； the other that in which Earl Eirik fought with King Olaf Trygvason。 Thord Kolbeinson speaks of this：
〃A song of praise Again I raise。 To the earl bold The word is told； That Knut the Brave His aid would crave； The earl； I knew； To friend stands true。〃
The earl would not sleep upon the message of the king； but sailed immediately out of the country； leaving behind his son Earl Hakon to take care of Norway； and； as he was but seventeen years of age； Einar Tambaskelfer was to be at his hand to rule the country for him。
Eirik met King Canute in England； and was with him when he took the castle of London。 Earl Eirik had a battle also to the westward of the castle of London； and killed Ulfkel Snilling。 So says Thord Kolbeinson：
〃West of London town we passed； And our ocean…steeds made fast； And a bloody fight begin； Eng1and's lands to lose or win。 Blue sword and shining spear Laid Ulfkel's dead corpse there； Our Thingmen hear the war…shower sounding Our grey arrows from their shields rebounding。〃
Earl Eirik was a winter in England； and had many battles there。 The following autumn he intended to make a pilgrimage to Rome； but he died in England of a bloody flux。
24。 THE MURDER OF EDMUND。
King Canute came to England the summer that King Ethelred died； and had many battles with Ethelred's sons； in which the victory was sometimes on one side； sometimes on the other。 Then King Canute took Queen Emma in marriage； and their children were Harald； Hardacanute； and Gunhild。 King Canute then made an agreement with King Edmund； that each of them should have a half of England。 In the same month Henry Strion murdered King Edmund。 King Canute then drove all Ethelred's sons out of England。 So says Sigvat：
〃Now all the sons of Ethelred Were either fallen； or had fled： Some slain by Canute； some they say； To save their lives had run away。〃
25。 OLAF AND ETHELRED'S SONS。
King Ethelred's sons came to Rouen in Valland from England； to their mother's brother； the same summer that King Olaf Haraldson came from the west from his viking cruise； and they were all during the winter in Normandy together。 They made an agreement with each other that King Olaf should have Northumberland； if they could succeed in taking England from the Danes。 Therefore about harvest； Olaf sent his foster…father Hrane to England to collect men…at…arms； and Ethelred's sons sent tokens to their friends and relation