按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
＇3＇ A special tax paid the king by a plebeian owning a fief。 （TR）
＇4＇ The right to an income from trust funds。 （SR。）
＇5＇ Arthur Young； I。 209； 223。 〃If the communes steadily refuse
what is now offered to them； they put immense and certain benefits
to the chance of fortune； to that hazard which may make posterity
curse instead of bless their memories as real patriots who had
nothing in view but the happiness of their country。
＇6＇ According to valuations by the Constituent Assembly； the tax on
real estate ought to bring 240；000；000 francs； and provide one…fifth
of the net revenue of France； estimated at 1；200；000；000。
Additionally； the personal tax on movable property； which replaced
the capitation； ought to bring 60；000；000。 Total for direct
taxation； 300；000；000； or one…fourth that is to say； twenty…five
per cent； of the net revenue。 If the direct taxation had been
maintained up to the rate of the ancient régime （190；000；000；
according to Necker's report in May； 1689）； this impost would only
have provided one…sixth of the net revenue； or sixteen percent。
＇7＇ Dumont； 267。 （The words of Mirabeau three months before his
death：） 〃Ah； my friend； how right we were at the start when we
wanted to prevent the commons from declaring themselves the National
Assembly！ That was the source of the evil。 They wanted to rule the
King； instead of ruling through him。〃
＇8＇ Gouverneur Morris； April 29； 1789 （on the principles of the
future constitution）； 〃One generation at least will be required to
render the public familiar with them。〃
＇9＇ Cf。 〃The Ancient Régime；〃 book II； ch。 III。
＇10＇ French women did not obtain the right to vote until 1946。 （SR。）
＇11＇ According to Voltaire （〃L'Homme aux Quarante écus〃）； the
average duration of human life was only twenty…three years。
＇12＇ Mercure； July 6； 1790。 According to the report of Camus
（sitting of July 2nd）； the official total of pensions amounted to
thirty…two millions； but if we add the gratuities and allowances out
of the various treasuries； the actual total was fifty…six millions。
＇13＇ I note that today in 1998； 100 years after Taine's death；
Denmark； my country； has had total democracy； that is universal
suffrage for women and men of 18 years of age for a considerable
time； and a witty author has noted that the first rule of our
unwritten constitution is that 〃thou shalt not think that thou art
important〃。 I have noted； however； that when a Dane praises Denmark
and the Danes even in the most excessive manner； then he is not
considered as a chauvinist but admired as being a man of truth。 In
spite of the process of 'democratization' even socialist chieftains
seem to favor and protect their own children； send them to good
private schools and later abroad to study and help them to find
favorable employment in the party or with the public services。 A
new élite is thus continuously created by the ruling political and
administrative upper class。 （SR。）。
＇14＇ The Ancient Régime；〃 p。388； and the following pages。…〃 Le Duc de
Broglie；〃 by M。 Goizot； p。 11。 （Last words of Prince Victor de
Broglie； and the opinions of M。 d'Argenson。）
＇15＇ De Ferrières； I。 p。2。
＇16＇ Moniteur； sitting of September 7； 1790； I。 431…437。 Speeches；
of MM。 de Sillery； de Lanjuinais； Thouret； de Lameth； and Rabaut…
Saint…Etienne。 Barnave wrote in 1791： 〃It was necessary to be
content with one single chamber； the instinct of equality required
it。 A second Chamber would have been the refuge of the
aristocrats。〃
＇17＇ Lenin should later create an elite； an aristocracy which； under
his leadership was to become the Communist party。 Lenin could not
have imagined or at least would not have been concerned that the
leadership of this party would fall into the hands of tyrants later；
under the pressure of age and corruption； to be replaced by the KGB
and later the FSB。 （SR。）
＇18＇ 〃De Bouillé；〃 p。 50： 〃All the old noble families； save two or
three hundred； were ruined。〃
＇19＇ Cf。 Doniol； 〃La Révolution et la Féodalité。〃
＇20＇ Moniteur； sitting of August 6； ！789。 Speech of Duport：
〃Whatever is unjust cannot last。 Similarly； no compensation for
these unjust rights can be maintained。〃 Sitting of February 27；
1790。 M。 Populus： 〃As slavery could not spring from a legitimate
contract； because liberty cannot be alienated； you have abolished
without indemnity hereditary property in persons。〃 Instructions and
decree of June 15…19； 1791： 〃The National Assembly has recognized in
the most emphatic manner that a man never could become the
proprietor of another man； and consequently； that the rights which
one had assumed to have over the person of the other； could not
become the property of the former。〃 Cf。 the diverse reports of
Merlin to the Committee of Feudality and the National Assembly。
＇21＇ Duvergier； 〃Collection des Lois et Décrets。〃 Laws of the 4…11
August； 1789； March 15…28； 1790； May 3…9； 1790； June 15…19； 1791。
＇22＇ Agrier percières terms denoting taxes paid in the shape of
shares of produce。 Those which follow： lods； rentes； quint； requint
belong to the taxes levied on real property。 ＇Tr。＇
＇23＇ Doniol （〃Noveaux cahiers de 1790〃）。 Complaints of the copy…
holders of Rouergues and of Quercy； pp。 97…105。
＇24＇ See further on； book III。 ch。 II。 § 4 and also ch。 III。
＇25＇ Moniteur； sitting of March 2； 1790。 Speech by Merlin： 〃The
peasants have been made to believe that the annulation of the
banalities （the obligation to use the public mill； wine…press； and
oven； which belonged to the noble） carried along with it the loss to
the noble of all these； the peasants regarding themselves as
proprietors of them。〃
＇26＇ Moniteur； sitting of June 9； ！790。 Speech of M。 Charles de
Lameth Duvergier （laws of June 19…23 1790； September 27 and
October 16； 1791）。
＇27＇ Sauzay； V。 400 …410。
＇28＇ Duvergier； laws of June 15…19； 1791； of June 18 …July 6； 1792；
of August 25…28； 1792。
＇29＇ 〃Institution du Droit Fran？ais；〃 par Argou； I。103。 （He wrote
under the Regency。） 〃The origin of most of the feoffs is so ancient
that； if the seigneurs were obliged to produce the titles of the
original concession to obtain their rents； there would scarcely be
one able to produce them。 This deficiency is made up by common
law。〃
＇30＇ Duvergier （laws of April 8…15； 1791； March 7…11； October 26；
1791； January 6…10； 1794）。 Mirabeau had already proposed to
reduce the disposable portion to one…tenth。
＇31＇ See farther on； book III； ch。 III。
＇32＇ Mercure； September 10； 1791。 Article by Mallet du Pan。 … Ibid。
October 15； 1791。
＇33＇ Should Hitler or Lenin have read and understood the
consequences of these events they would have deduced that given the
command from official sources or recognized leaders ordinary people
all over the world could easily be tempted to attack any group；
being it Jews； Protestants； Hindus or foreigners。 （SR。）
＇34＇ 〃Archives Nationales；〃 II。 784。 Letters of M。 de Langeron；
October 16 and 18； 1789。 Albert Babeau； 〃Histoire de Troyes；〃
letters addressed to the Chevalier de Poterats ； July； 1790。
〃Archives Nationales；〃 papers of the Committee on Reports； bundle 4；
letter of M。 le Belin…Chatellenot to the to the President of the
National Assembly； July 1； 1791。 Mercure； October 15； 1791。
Article by Mallet du Pan： 〃Such is literally the language of these
emigrants； I do not add a word。〃 … Ibid。 May 15； 1790。 Letter of
the Baron de Bois d'Aizy； April 29；1790； demanding a decree of
protection fur the nobles。 〃We shall know （then） whether we are
outlawed or are of any account in the rights of man written out with
so much blood； or whether； finally； no other option is left to us
but that of carrying to distant skies the remains of our property
and our wretched existence。〃
＇35＇ Mercure； October 15； 1791； and September 10； 1791。 Read the
admirable letter of the Chevalier de Mesgrigny； appointed colonel
during the suspension of the King； and refusing his new rank。
＇36＇ Cf。 the 〃Mémoires〃 of M。 de Boustaquet； a Norman gentleman。
＇37＇ Cf。 〃The Ancient Régime；〃 books I。 and II。
＇38＇ Boivin… Champeaux； 〃Notice Historique sur la Révolution dans le
Département de L'Eure；〃 the register of grievances。 In 1788； at
Rouen； there was not a single profession made by men。 In the
monastery of the Deux…Amants the chapter convoked in 1789 consisted
of two monks。 〃Archives Nationales；〃 papers of the ecclesiastic
committee； passim。
＇39＇ 〃Apologie de l'état Religieux〃 （1775）； with statistics。 Since
1768 the decline is 〃frightful。〃 〃It is easy to foresee that in ten
or twelve years most of the regular bodies will be absolutely
extinct； or reduced to a state of feebleness akin to death。〃
＇40＇ Sanzay； I。 224 （November； 1790）。 At Besan？on； out of 266
mo