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The state of Naples may be described in few words。 The king was one of the Spanish Bourbons。 As the Caesars have shown us to what wickedness the moral nature of princes may be perverted； so in this family； the degradation to which their intellectual nature can be reduced has been not less conspicuously evinced。 Ferdinand； like the rest of his race； was passionately fond of field sports； and cared for nothing else。 His queen had all the vices of the house of Austria； with little to mitigate； and nothing to ennoble themprovided she could have her pleasures； and the king his sports； they cared not in what manner the revenue was raised or administered。 Of course a system of favouritism existed at court； and the vilest and most impudent corruption prevailed in every department of state； and in every branch of administration； from the highest to the lowest。 It is only the institutions of Christianity； and the vicinity of better…regulated states； which prevent kingdoms； under such circumstances of misrule； from sinking into a barbarism like that of Turkey。 A sense of better things was kept alive in some of the Neapolitans by literature； and by their intercourse with happier countries。 These persons naturally looked to France； at the commencement of the Revolution； and during all the horrors of that Revolution still cherished a hope that； by the aid of France； they might be enabled to establish a new order of things in Naples。 They were grievously mistaken in supposing that the principles of liberty would ever be supported by France； but they were not mistaken in believing that no government could be worse than their own； and therefore they considered any change as desirable。 In this opinion men of the most different characters agreed。 Many of the nobles； who were not in favour； wished for a revolution； that they might obtain the ascendancy to which they thought themselves entitled； men of desperate fortunes desired it； in the hope of enriching themselves； knaves and intriguers sold themselves to the French to promote it； and a few enlightened men； and true lovers of their country； joined in the same cause； from the purest and noblest motives。 All these were confounded under the common name of Jacobins； and the Jacobins of the continental kingdoms were regarded by the English with more hatred than they deserved。 They were classed with Phillippe Egalite； Marat； and Hebert； whereas they deserved rather to be ranked； if not with Locke； and Sydney； and Russell； at least with Argyle and Monmouth； and those who； having the same object as the prime movers of our own Revolution； failed in their premature but not unworthy attempt。
No circumstances could be more unfavourable to the best interests of Europe； than those which placed England in strict alliance with the superannuated and abominable governments of the continent。 The subjects of those governments who wished for freedom thus became enemies to England； and dupes and agents of France。 They looked to their own grinding grievances； and did not see the danger with which the liberties of the world were threatened。 England； on the other hand； saw the danger in its true magnitude； but was blind to these grievances； and found herself compelled to support systems which had formerly been equally the object of her abhorrence and her contempt。 This was the state of Nelson's mind； he knew that there could be no peace for Europe till the pride of France was humbled； and her strength broken； and he regarded all those who were the friends of France as traitors to the common cause； as well as to their own individual sovereigns。 There are situations in which the most opposite and hostile parties may mean equally well； and yet act equally wrong。 The court of Naples； unconscious of committing any crime by continuing the system of misrule to which they had succeeded； conceived that； in maintaining things as they were； they were maintaining their own rights； and preserving the people from such horrors as had been perpetrated in France。 The Neapolitan revolutionists thought that without a total change of system； any relief from the present evils was impossible； and they believed themselves justified in bringing about that change by any means。 Both parties knew that it was the fixed intention of the French to revolutionise Naples。 The revolutionists supposed that it was for the purpose of establishing a free government； the court； and all disinterested persons； were perfectly aware that the enemy had no other object than conquest and plunder。
The battle of the Nile shook the power of France。 Her most successful general； and her finest army； were blocked up in Egypt hopeless； as it appeared； of return； and the government was in the hands of men without talents； without character； and divided among themselves。 Austria； whom Buonaparte had terrified into a peace； at a time when constancy on her part would probably have led to his destruction； took advantage of the crisis to renew the war。 Russia also was preparing to enter the field with unbroken forces； led by a general； whose extraordinary military genius would have entitled him to a high and honourable rank in history； if it had not been sullied by all the ferocity of a barbarian。 Naples； seeing its destruction at hand； and thinking that the only means of averting it was by meeting the danger； after long vacillations； which were produced by the fears and treachery of its council； agreed at last to join this new coalition with a numerical force of 80；000 men。 Nelson told the king； in plain terms； that he had his choice； either to advance； trusting to God for his blessing on a just cause； and prepared to die sword in hand； or to remain quiet； and be kicked out of his kingdom； one of these things must happen。 The king made answer he would go on； and trust in God and Nelson； and Nelson； who would else have returned to Egypt； for the purpose of destroying the French shipping in Alexandria； gave up his intention at the desire of the Neapolitan court； and resolved to。 remain on that station； in the hope that he might be useful to the movements of the army。 He suspected also； with reason； that the continuance of his fleet was so earnestly requested； because the royal family thought their persons would be safer； in case of any mishap； under the British flag； than under their own。
His first object was the recovery of Maltaan island which the King of Naples pretended to claim。 The Maltese； whom the villanous knights of their order had betrayed to France； had taken up arms against their rapacious invaders； with a spirit and unanimity worthy of the highest praise。 They blockaded the French garrison by land； and a small squadron； under Captain Ball； began to blockade them by sea； on the 12th of October。 Twelve days afterwards Nelson arrived。 〃It is as I suspected；〃 he says： 〃the ministers at Naples know nothing of the situation of the island。 Not a house or bastion of the town is in possession of the islanders： and the Marquis de Niza tells us they want arms； victuals； and support。 He does not know that any Neapolitan officers are on the island； perhaps； although I have their names； none are arrived； and it is very certain； by the marquis's account； that no supplies have been sent by the governors of Syracuse and Messina。〃 The little island of Gozo； dependent upon Malta； which had also been seized and garrisoned by the French； capitulated soon after his arrival； and was taken possession of by the British； in the name of his Sicilian Majestya power who had no better claim to it than France。 Having seen this effected； and reinforced Captain Ball； he left that able officer to perform a most arduous and important part； and returned himself to co… operate with the intended movements of the Neapolitans。
General Mack was at the head of the Neapolitan troops。 All that is now doubtful concerning this man is； whether he was a coward or a traitor。 At that time he was assiduously extolled as a most consummate commander； to whom Europe might look for deliverance。 And when he was introduced by the king and queen to the British admiral； the queen said to him； 〃Be to us by land； general； what my hero Nelson has been by sea。〃 Mack； on his part； did not fail to praise the force which he was appointed to command。 〃It was；〃 he said；〃the finest army in Europe。〃 Nelson agreed with him that there could not be finer men； but when the general； at a review； so directed the operations of a mock fight； that by an unhappy blunder his own troops were surrounded； instead of those of the enemy； he turned to his friends and exclaimed with bitterness； that the fellow did not understand his business。 Another circumstance； not less characteristic； confirmed Nelson in his judgment。 〃General Mack：〃 said he； in one of his letters； 〃cannot move without five carriages！ I have formed my opinion。 I heartily pray I may be mistaken。〃
While Mack； at the head of 32；000 men； marched into the Roman state； 5000 Neapolitans were embarked on board the British and Portuguese squadron； to take possession of Leghorn。 This was effected without opposition； and the Grand Duke of Tuscany； whose neutrality had been so outrageously violated by the French； was better satisfied with the measure than some of the Neapolitans themse