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nce； not a doctrinaire； and not a Southerner like Johnson； Lincoln might have 〃prosecuted peace〃 successfully。 His policy was very unlike that proposed by the radical leaders。 They would base the new governments upon the loyalty of the past plus the aid of enfranchised slaves； he would establish the new regime upon the loyalty of the future。 Like Governor Andrew he thought that restoration must be effected by the willing efforts of the South。 He would aid and guide but not force the people。 If the latter did not wish restoration； they might remain under military rule。 There should be no forced Negro suffrage； no sweeping disfranchisement of whites； no 〃carpetbaggism。〃
The work of President Johnson demands for its proper understanding some consideration of the condition of the political parties at the close of the war； for politics had much to do with reconstruction。 The Democratic party； divided and defeated in the election of 1860； lost its Southern members in 1861 by the secession and remained a minority party during the remainder of the war。 It retained its organization； however； and in 1864 polled a large vote。 Discredited by its policy of opposition to Lincoln's administration； its ablest leaders joined the Republicans in support of the war。 Until 1869； the party was poorly represented in Congress although； as soon as hostilities ended； the War Democrats showed a tendency to return to the old party。 As to reconstruction； the party stood on the Crittenden…Johnson resolutions of 1861； though most Democrats were now willing to have slavery abolished。
The Republican partyfrankly sectional and going into power on the single issue of opposition to the extension of slaverywas forced by the secession movement to take up the task of preserving the Union by war。 Consequently； the party developed new principles； welcomed the aid of the War Democrats； and found it advisable to drop its name and with its allies to form the Union or National Union party。 It was this National Union party which in 1864 nominated Abraham Lincoln； a Republican； and Andrew Johnson； a Democrat； on the same ticket。 Lincoln's second Cabinet was composed of both Republicans and War Democrats。 When the war ended； the conservative leaders were anxious to hold the Union party together in order to be in a better position to settle the problems of reconstruction； but the movement of the War Democrats back to their old party tended to leave in the Union party only its Republican members； with the radical leaders dominating。
In the South the pressure of war so united the people that party divisions disappeared for a time； but the causes of division continued to exist； and two parties； at least； would have developed had the pressure been removed。 Though all factions supported the war after it began； the former Whigs and Douglas Democrats； when it was over； liked to remember that they had been 〃Union〃 men in 1860 and expected to organize in opposition to the extreme Democrats； who were now charged with being responsible for the misfortunes of the South。 They were in a position to affiliate with the National Union party of the North if proper inducements were offered； while the regular Democrats were ready to rejoin their old party。 But the embittered feelings resulting from the murder of Lincoln and the rapid development of the struggle between President Johnson and Congress caused the radicals 〃to lump the old Union Democrats and Whigs together with the secessionistsand many were driven where they did not want to go； into temporary affiliation with the Democratic party。〃 Thousands went very reluctantly； the old Whigs； indeed； were not firmly committed to the Democrats until radical reconstruction had actually begun。 Still other 〃loyalists〃 in the South were prepared to join the Northern radicals in advocating the disfranchisement of Confederates and in opposing the granting of suffrage to the Negroes。
The man upon whom fell the task of leading these opposing factions； radical and conservative； along a definite line of action looking to reunion had few qualifications for the task。 Johnson was ill…educated； narrow； and vindictive and was positive that those who did not agree with him were dishonest。 Himself a Southerner； picked up by the National Union Convention of 1864； as Thaddeus Stevens said； from 〃one of those damned rebel provinces；〃 he loved the Union； worshiped the Constitution； and held to the strict construction views of the State Rights Democrats。 Rising from humble beginnings； he was animated by the most intense dislike of the 〃slavocracy；〃 as he called the political aristocracy of the South。 Like many other American leaders he was proud of his humble origin； but unlike many others he never sloughed off his backwoods crudeness。 He continually boasted of himself and vilified the aristocrats； who in return treated him badly。 His dislike of them was so marked that Isham G。 Harris； a rival politician； remarked that 〃if Johnson were a snake； he would lie in the grass to bite the heels of rich men's children。〃 His primitive notions of punishment were evident in 1865 when he advocated imprisonment； execution； and confiscation； but like other reckless talkers he often said more than he meant。
When Johnson succeeded to the presidency； the feeling was nearly universal among the radicals； according to Julian； that he would prove a godsend to the country； for 〃aside from Mr。 Lincoln's known policy of tenderness to the rebels； which now so jarred upon the feelings of the hour； his well known views on the subject of reconstruction were as distasteful as possible to radical Republicans。〃 Senator Wade declared to the President： 〃Johnson； we have faith in you。 By the gods； there will be no trouble now in running the Government！〃 To which Johnson replied： 〃Treason is a crime and crime must be punished。 Treason must be made infamous and traitors must be impoverished。〃 These words are an index to the speeches of Johnson during 1863…65。 Even his radical friends feared that he would be too vindictive。 For a few weeks he was much inclined to the radical plans； and some of the leaders certainly understood that he was in favor of Negro suffrage； the supreme test of radicalism。 But when the excitement caused by the assassination of Lincoln and the break…up of the Confederacy had moderated somewhat； Johnson saw before him a task so great that his desire for violent measures was chilled。 He must disband the great armies and bring all war work to an end； he must restore intercourse with the South； which had been blockaded for years； he must for a time police the country； look after the Negroes； and set up a temporary civil government； and finally he must work out a restoration of the Union。 Sobered by responsibility and by the influence of moderate advisers； he rather quickly adopted Lincoln's policy。 Johnson at first set his face against the movements toward reconstruction by the state governments already organized and by those people who wished to organize new governments on Lincoln's ten percent plan。 As soon as possible the War Department notified the Union commanders to stop all attempts at reconstruction and to pursue and arrest all Confederate governors and other prominent civil leaders。 The President was even anxious to arrest the military leaders who had been paroled but was checked in this desire by General Grant's firm protest。 His cabinet advisers supported Johnson in refusing to recognize the Southern state governments； but three of themSeward； Welles； and McCullochwere influential in moderating his zeal for inflicting punishments。 Nevertheless；he soon had in prison the most prominent of the Confederate civilians and several general officers。 The soldiers； however； were sent home； trade with the South was permitted； and the Freedmen's Bureau was rapidly extended。
Previous to this Johnson had brought himself to recognize； early in May； the Lincoln 〃ten percent〃 governments of Louisiana； Tennessee； and Arkansas； and the reconstructed Alexandria government of Virginia。 Thus only seven states were left without legal governments； and to bring those states back into the Union； Johnson inaugurated on May 29； 1865； a plan which was like that of Lincoln but not quite so liberal。 In his Amnesty Proclamation； Johnson made a longer list of exceptions aimed especially at the once wealthy slave owners。 On the same day he proclaimed the restoration of North Carolina。 A provisional governor； W。 W。 Holden； was appointed and directed to reorganize the civil government and to call a constitutional convention elected by those who had taken the amnesty oath。 This convention was to make necessary amendments to the constitution and to 〃restore said State to its constitutional relations to the Federal Government。〃 It is to be noted that Johnson fixed the qualifications of delegates and of those who elected them； but； this stage once passed； the convention or the legislature would 〃prescribe the qualifications of electors 。 。 。 a power the people of the several States composing the Federal Union have rightfully exercised from the origin of the government to the present time。〃 The President also directed the various cabinet officers to extend the work of their departments over the Confederate