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deal with the submerged residuum？ I had intended at one time to have devoted considerable space to the description of the existing agencies； together with certain observations which have been forcibly impressed upon my mind as to their failure and its cause。 The necessity； however； of subordinating everything to the supreme purpose of this book； which is to endeavour to show how light can be let into the heart of Darkest England； compels me to pass rapidly over this department of the subject； merely glancing as I go at the well…meaning； but more or less abortive； attempts to cope with this great and appalling evil。
The first place must naturally be given to the administration of the Poor Law。 Legally the State accepts the responsibility of providing food and shelter for every man； woman； or child who is utterly destitute。 This responsibility it； however； practically shirks by the imposition of conditions on the claimants of relief that are hateful and repulsive； if not impossible。 As to the method of Poor Law administration in dealing with inmates of workhouses or in the distribution of outdoor relief； I say nothing。 Both of these raise great questions which lie outside my immediate purpose。 All that I need to do is to indicate the limitationsit may be the necessary limitationsunder which the Poor Law operates。 No Englishman can come upon the rates so long as he has anything whatever left to call his own。 When long…continued destitution has been carried on to the bitter end； when piece by piece every article of domestic furniture has been sold or pawned； when all efforts to procure employment have failed； and when you have nothing left except the clothes in which you stand； then you can present yourself before the relieving officer and secure your lodging in the workhouse； the administration of which varies infinitely according to the disposition of the Board of Guardians under whose control it happens to be。
If； however； you have not sunk to such despair as to be willing to barter your liberty for the sake of food； clothing； and shelter in the Workhouse； but are only temporarily out of employment seeking work； then you go to the Casual Ward。 There you are taken in； and provided for on the principle of making it as disagreeable as possible for yourself； in order to deter you from again accepting the hospitality of the rates；and of course in defence of this a good deal can be said by the Political Economist。 But what seems utterly indefensible is the careful precautions which are taken to render it impossible for the unemployed Casual to resume promptly after his night's rest the search for work。 Under the existing regulations； if you are compelled to seek refuge on Monday night in the Casual Ward； you are bound to remain there at least till Wednesday morning。
The theory of the system is this； that individuals casually poor and out of work； being destitute and without shelter； may upon application receive shelter for the night； supper and a breakfast； and in return for this； shall perform a task of work； not necessarily in repayment for the relief received； but simply as a test of their willingness to work for their living。 The work given is the same as that given to felons in gaol； oakum…picking and stone…breaking。
The work； too； is excessive in proportion to what is received。 Four pounds of oakum is a great task to an expert and an old hand。 To a novice it can only be accomplished with the greatest difficulty； if indeed it can be done at all。 It is even in excess of the amount demanded from a criminal in gaol。
The stone…breaking test is monstrous。 Half a ton of stone from any man in return for partially supplying the cravings of hunger is an outrage which； if we read of as having occurred in Russia or Siberia； would find Exeter Hall crowded with an indignant audience； and Hyde Park filled with strong oratory。 But because this system exists at our own doors； very little notice is taken of it。 These tasks are expected from all comers； starved； ill…clad； half…fed creatures from the streets； foot…sore and worn out； and yet unless it is done； the alternative is the magistrate and the gaol。 The old system was bad enough； which demanded the picking of one pound of oakum。 As soon as this task was accomplished； which generally kept them till the middle of next day； it was thus rendered impossible for them to seek work； and they were forced to spend another night in the ward。 The Local Government Board； however； stepped in； and the Casual was ordered to be detained for the whole day and the second night； the amount of labour required from him being increased four…fold。
Under the present system； therefore； the penalty for seeking shelter from the streets is a whole day and two nights； with an almost impossible task； which； failing to do； the victim is liable to be dragged before a magistrate and committed to gaol as a rogue and vagabond； while in the Casual Ward their treatment is practically that of a criminal。 They sleep in a cell with an apartment at the back； in which the work is done； receiving at night half a pound of gruel and eight ounces of bread； and next morning the same for breakfast； with half a pound of oakum and stones to occupy himself for a day。
The beds are mostly of the plank type； the coverings scant； the comfort nil。 Be it remembered that this is the treatment meted out to those who are supposed to be Casual poor； in temporary difficulty； walking from place to place seeking some employment。
The treatment of the women is as follows： Each Casual has to stay in the Casual Wards two nights and one day； during which time they have to pick 2 lb。 of oakum or go to the wash…tub and work out the time there。 While at the wash…tub they are allowed to wash their own clothes； but not otherwise。 If seen more than once in the same Casual Ward； they are detained three days by order of the inspector each time seen； or if sleeping twice in the same month the master of the ward has power to detain them three days。 There are four inspectors who visit different Casual Wards； and if the Casual is seen by any of the inspectors （who in turn visit all the Casual Wards） at any of the wards they have previously visited they are detained three days in each one。 The inspector； who is a male person； visits the wards at all unexpected hours； even visiting while the females are in bed。 The beds are in some wards composed of straw and two rugs； in others cocoanut fibre and two rugs。 The Casuals rise at 5。45 a。m。 and go to bed 7 p。m。 If they do not finish picking their oakum before 7 p。m。； they stay up till they do。 If a Casual does not come to the ward before 12。30； midnight； they keep them one day extra。 The way in which this operates； however； can be best understood by the following statements； made by those who have been in Casual Wards； and who can； therefore； speak from experience as to how the system affects the individual：
J。 C。 knows Casual Wards pretty well。 Has been in St。 Giles； Whitechapel； St。 George's； Paddington； Marylebone； Mile End。 They vary a little in detail； but as a rule the doors open at 6； you walk in； they tell you what the work is； and that if you fail to do it； you will be liable to imprisonment。 Then you bathe。 Some places the water is dirty。 Three persons as a rule wash in one water。 At Whitechapel （been there three times） it has always been dirty； also at St。 George's。 I had no bath at Mile End； they were short of water。 If you complain they take no notice。 You then tie your clothes in a bundle； and they give you a nightshirt。 At most places they serve supper to the men； who have to go to bed and eat it there。 Some beds are in cells； some in large rooms。 You get up at 6 a。m。 and do the task。 The amount of stone…breaking is too much； and the oakum…picking is also heavy。 The food differs。 At St。 Giles； the gruel left over…night is boiled up for breakfast； and is consequently sour； the bread is puffy； full of holes； and don't weigh the regulation amount。 Dinner is only 8 ounces of bread and 1 1/2 ounce of cheese； and its that's short； how can anybody do their work？ They will give you water to drink if you ring the cell bell for it； that is； they will tell you to wait； and bring it in about half an hour。 There are a good lot of 〃moochers〃 go to Casual Wards； but there are large numbers of men who only want work。
J。D。； age 25； Londoner； can't get work； tried hard； been refused work several times on account of having no settled residence； looks suspicious； they think； to have 〃no home。〃 Seems a decent； willing man。 Had two penny…worth of soup this morning； which has lasted all day。 Earned 1s。 6d。 yesterday； bill distributing； nothing the day before。 Been in good many London Casual Wards。 Thinks they are no good； because they keep him all day； when he might be seeking work。 Don't want shelter in day time； wants work。 If he goes in twice in a month to the same Casual Ward； they detain him four days。 Considers the food decidedly insufficient to do the required amount of work。 If the work is not done to time； you are liable to 21 days' imprisonment。 Get badly treated some places； especially where there is a bullying superintendent。 Has done 21 days for abso