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。 He lives on a small portion of it； and goes on digging and delving little by little； until； after many years of Herculean labour； he hews out for himself； and his children after him； a freehold estate。 Freehold estates； I admit； are not to be had for the picking up on English soil； but if a man will but work in England as they work in Canada or in Australia； he will find as little difficulty in making a livelihood here as there。
I may be wrong； but when I travel abroad and see the desperate struggle on the part of peasant proprietors and the small holders in mountainous districts for an additional patch of soil； the idea of cultivating which would make our agricultural labourers turn up their noses in speechless contempt； I cannot but think that our English soil could carry a far greater number of souls to the acre than that which it bears at present。 Suppose； for instance； that Essex were suddenly to find itself unmoored from its English anchorage and towed across the Channel to Normandy； or； not to imagine miracles； suppose that an Armada of Chinese were to make a descent on the Isle of Thanet； as did the sea…kings； Hengist and Horsa； does anyone imagine for a moment that Kent； fertile and cultivated as it is； would not be regarded as a very Garden of Eden out of the odd corners of which our yellow…skinned invaders would contrive to extract sufficient to keep themselves in sturdy health？ I only suggest the possibility in order to bring out clearly the fact that the difficulty is not in the soil nor in the climate； but in the lack of application of sufficient labour to sufficient land in the truly scientific way。
〃What is the scientific way？〃 I shall be asked impatiently。 I am not an agriculturist； I do not dogmatize。 I have read much from many pens； and have noted the experiences of many colonies； and I have learned the lesson that it is in the school of practical labour that the most valuable knowledge is to be obtained。 Nevertheless； the bulk of my proposals are based upon the experience of many who have devoted their lives to the study of the subject； and have been endorsed by specialists whose experience gives them authority to speak with unquestioning confidence。
SECTION 1。THE FARM PROPER。
My present idea is to take an estate from five hundred to a thousand acres within reasonable distance of London。 It should be of such land as will be suitable for market gardening； while having some clay on it for brick…making and for crops requiring a heavier soil。 If possible； it should not only be on a line of railway which is managed by intelligent and progressive directors； but it should have access to the sea and to the river。 It should be freehold land； and it should lie at some considerable distance from any town or village。 The reason for the latter desideratum is obvious。 We must be near London for the sake of our market and for the transmission of the commodities collected by our Household Salvage Brigade； but it must be some little distance from any town or village in order that the Colony may be planted clear out in the open away from the public house； that upas tree of civilisation。 A sine qua non of the new Farm Colony is that no intoxicating liquors will be permitted within its confines on any pretext whatever。 The doctors will have to prescribe some other stimulant than alcohol for residents in this Colony。 But it will be little use excluding alcohol with a strong hand and by cast…iron regulations if the Colonists have only to take a short walk in order to find themselves in the midst of the 〃Red Lions；〃 and the 〃Blue Dragons；〃 and the 〃George the Fourths；〃 which abound in every country town。
Having obtained the land I should proceed to prepare it for the Colonists。 This is an operation which is essentially the same in any country。 You need water supply； provisions and shelter。 All this would be done at first in the simplest possible style。 Our pioneer brigade； carefully selected from the competent Out…of…Works in the City Colony； would be sent down to layout the estate and prepare it for those who would come after。 And here let me say that it is a great delusion to imagine that in the riffraff and waste of the labour market there are no workmen to be had except those that are worthless。 Worthless under the present conditions； exposed to constant temptations to intemperance no doubt they are； but some of the brightest men in London； with some of the smartest pairs of hands； and the cleverest brains； are at the present moment weltering helplessly in the sludge from which we propose to rescue them。
I am not speaking without book in this matter。 Some of my best Officers to…day have been even such as they。 There is an infinite potentiality of capacity lying latent in our Provincial Tap…rooms and the City Gin Palaces if you can but get them soundly saved； and even short of that； if you can place them in conditions where they would no longer be liable to be sucked back into their old disastrous habits； you may do great things with them。
I can well imagine the incredulous laughter which will greet my proposal。 〃What；〃 it will be said； 〃do you think that you can create agricultural pioneers out of the scum of Cockneydom？〃 Let us look for a moment at the ingredients which make up what you call 〃the scum of Cockneydom。〃 After careful examination and close cross…questioning of the Out…of…Works； whom we have already registered at our Labour Bureau； we find that at least sixty per cent。 are country folk； men； women； boys； and girls； who have left their homes in the counties to come up to town in the hope of bettering themselves。 They are in no sense of the word Cockneys； and they represent not the dregs of the country but rather its brighter and more adventurous spirits who have boldly tried to make their way in new and uncongenial spheres and have terribly come to grief。 Of thirty cases； selected haphazard； in the various Shelters during the week ending July 5th； 1890； twenty…two were country…born； sixteen were men who had come up a long time ago； but did not ever seem to have settled to regular employ； and four were old military men。 Of sixty cases examined into at the Bureau and Shelters during the fortnight ending August 2nd； forty…two were country people； twenty…six men who had been in London for various periods； ranging from six months to four years； nine were lads under eighteen； who had run away from home and come up to town； while four were ex…military。 Of eighty…five cases of dossers who were spoken to at night when they slept in the streets； sixty…three were country people。 A very small proportion of the genuine homeless Out…of…Works are Londoners bred and born。
There is another element in the matter； the existence of which will be news to most people； and that is the large proportion of ex…military men who are among the helpless； hopeless destitute。 Mr。 Arnold White； after spending many months in the streets of London interrogating more than four thousand men whom he found in the course of one bleak winter sleeping out of doors like animals returns it as his conviction that at least 20 per cent。 are Army Reserve men。 Twenty per cent！ That is to say one man in every five with whom we shall have to deal has served Her Majesty the Queen under the colours。 This is the resource to which these poor fellows come after they have given the prime of their lives to the service of their country。 Although this may be largely brought about by their own thriftless and evil conduct； it is a scandal and disgrace which may well make the cheek of the patriot tingle。 Still； I see in it a great resource。 A man who has been in the Queen's Army is a man who has learnt to obey。 He is further a man who has been taught in the roughest of rough schools to be handy and smart； to make the best of the roughest fare； and not to consider himself a martyr if he is sent on a forlorn hope。 I often say if we could only get Christians to have one…half of the practical devotion and sense of duty that animates even the commonest Tommy Atkins what a change would be brought about in the world！
Look at poor Tommy！ A country lad who gets himself into some scrape； runs away from home； finds himself sinking lower and lower； with no hope of employment； no friends to advise； him； and no one to give him a helping hand。 In sheer despair he takes the Queen's shilling and enters the ranks。 He is handed over to an inexorable drill sergeant； he is compelled to room in barracks where privacy is unknown； to mix with men； many of them vicious； few of them companions whom he would of his own choice select。 He gets his rations； and although he is told he will get a shilling a day； there are so many stoppages that he often does not finger a shilling a week。 He is drilled and worked and ordered hither and thither as if he were a machine； all of which he takes cheerfully； without even considering that there is any hardship in his lot； plodding on in a dull； stolid kind of way for his Queen and his country； doing his best； also； poor chap； to be proud of his red uniform； and to cultivate his self…respect by reflecting that he is one of the defenders of his native land； one of the heroes upon whose courage and endurance dep