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to make them seem true； or even probable； to the doubting soul； in an hour's discourse； then we may join without madness in the day's exultant festivities； the bells may ring； the cannon may roar； the incense of our harmless saltpetre fill the air； and the children who are to inherit the fruit of these toiling； agonizing years； go about unblamed； making day and night vocal with their jubilant patriotism。
The struggle in which we are engaged was inevitable； it might have come a little sooner； or a little later； but it must have come。 The disease of the nation was organic； and not functional； and the rough chirurgery of war was its only remedy。
In opposition to this view； there are many languid thinkers who lapse into a forlorn belief that if this or that man had never lived； or if this or that other man had not ceased to live； the country might have gone on in peace and prosperity； until its felicity merged in the glories of the millennium。 If Mr。 Calhoun had never proclaimed his heresies； if Mr。 Garrison had never published his paper； if Mr。 Phillips； the Cassandra in masculine shape of our long prosperous Ilium； had never uttered his melodious prophecies； if the silver tones of Mr。 Clay had still sounded in the senate…chamber to smooth the billows of contention； if the Olympian brow of Daniel Webster had been lifted from the dust to fix its awful frown on the darkening scowl of rebellion；we might have been spared this dread season of convulsion。 All this is but simple Martha's faith； without the reason she could have given： 〃If Thou hadst been here； my brother had not died。〃
They little know the tidal movements of national thought and feeling； who believe that they depend for existence on a few swimmers who ride their waves。 It is not Leviathan that leads the ocean from continent to continent； but the ocean which bears his mighty bulk as it wafts its own bubbles。 If this is true of all the narrower manifestations of human progress； how much more must it be true of those broad movements in the intellectual and spiritual domain which interest all mankind？ But in the more limited ranges referred to； no fact is more familiar than that there is a simultaneous impulse acting on many individual minds at once； so that genius comes in clusters； and shines rarely as a single star。 You may trace a common motive and force in the pyramid…builders of the earliest recorded antiquity； in the evolution of Greek architecture； and in the sudden springing up of those wondrous cathedrals of the twelfth and following centuries； growing out of the soil with stem and bud and blossom； like flowers of stone whose seeds might well have been the flaming aerolites cast over the battlements of heaven。 You may see the same law showing itself in the brief periods of glory which make the names of Pericles and Augustus illustrious with reflected splendors； in the painters； the sculptors； the scholars of 〃Leo's golden days〃； in the authors of the Elizabethan time； in the poets of the first part of this century following that dreary period； suffering alike from the silence of Cowper and the song of Hayley。 You may accept the fact as natural； that Zwingli and Luther； without knowing each other； preached the same reformed gospel； that Newton； and Hooke； and Halley； and Wren arrived independently of each other at the great law of the diminution of gravity with the square of the distance； that Leverrier and Adams felt their hands meeting； as it were； as they stretched them into the outer darkness beyond the orbit of Uranus； in search of the dim； unseen Planet； that Fulton and Bell； that Wheatstone and Morse； that Daguerre and Niepce； were moving almost simultaneously in parallel paths to the same end。 You see why Patrick Henry； in Richmond； and Samuel Adams； in Boston； were startling the crown officials with the same accents of liberty； and why the Mecklenburg Resolutions had the very ring of the Protest of the Province of Massachusetts。 This law of simultaneous intellectual movement； recognized by all thinkers； expatiated upon by Lord Macaulay and by Mr。 Herbert Spencer among recent writers； is eminently applicable to that change of thought and feeling which necessarily led to the present conflict。
The antagonism of the two sections of the Union was not the work of this or that enthusiast or fanatic。 It was the consequence of a movement in mass of two different forms of civilization in different directions； and the men to whom it was attributed were only those who represented it most completely； or who talked longest and loudest about it。 Long before the accents of those famous statesmen referred to ever resounded in the halls of the Capitol； long before the 〃Liberator〃 opened its batteries； the controversy now working itself out by trial of battle was foreseen and predicted。 Washington warned his countrymen of the danger of sectional divisions； well knowing the line of cleavage that ran through the seemingly solid fabric。 Jefferson foreshadowed the judgment to fall upon the land for its sins against a just God。 Andrew Jackson announced a quarter of a century beforehand that the next pretext of revolution would be slavery。 De Tocqueville recognized with that penetrating insight which analyzed our institutions and conditions so keenly； that the Union was to be endangered by slavery； not through its interests； but through the change of character it was bringing about in the people of the two sections； the same fatal change which George Mason； more than half a century before； had declared to be the most pernicious effect of the system； adding the solemn warning； now fearfully justifying itself in the sight of his descendants； that 〃by an inevitable chain of causes and effects； Providence punishes national sins by national calamities。〃 The Virginian romancer pictured the far…off scenes of the conflict which he saw approaching as the prophets of Israel painted the coming woes of Jerusalem； and the strong iconoclast of Boston announced the very year when the curtain should rise on the yet unopened drama。
The wise men of the past； and the shrewd men of our own time； who warned us of the calamities in store for our nation； never doubted what was the cause which was to produce first alienation and finally rupture。 The descendants of the men 〃daily exercised in tyranny；〃 the 〃petty tyrants〃 as their own leading statesmen called them long ago； came at length to love the institution which their fathers had condemned while they tolerated。 It is the fearful realization of that vision of the poet where the lost angels snuff up with eager nostrils the sulphurous emanations of the bottomless abyss；so have their natures become changed by long breathing the atmosphere of the realm of darkness。
At last； in the fulness of time； the fruits of sin ripened in a sudden harvest of crime。 Violence stalked into the senate…chamber； theft and perjury wound their way into the cabinet； and； finally； openly organized conspiracy； with force and arms； made burglarious entrance into a chief stronghold of the Union。 That the principle which underlay these acts of fraud and violence should be irrevocably recorded with every needed sanction； it pleased God to select a chief ruler of the false government to be its Messiah to the listening world。 As with Pharaoh； the Lord hardened his heart； while he opened his mouth； as of old he opened that of the unwise animal ridden by cursing Balaam。 Then spake Mr。 〃Vice…President〃 Stephens those memorable words which fixed forever the theory of the new social order。 He first lifted a degraded barbarism to the dignity of a philosophic system。 He first proclaimed the gospel of eternal tyranny as the new revelation which Providence had reserved for the western Palestine。 Hear； O heavens！ and give ear； O earth！ The corner…stone of the new…born dispensation is the recognized inequality of races； not that the strong may protect the weak； as men protect women and children； but that the strong may claim the authority of Nature and of God to buy； to sell； to scourge； to hunt； to cheat out of the reward of his labor； to keep in perpetual ignorance； to blast with hereditary curses throughout all time； the bronzed foundling of the New World； upon whose darkness has dawned the star of the occidental Bethlehem！
After two years of war have consolidated the opinion of the Slave States； we read in the 〃Richmond Examiner〃： 〃The establishment of the Confederacy is verily a distinct reaction against the whole course of the mistaken civilization of the age。 For 'Liberty； Equality； Fraternity；' we have deliberately substituted Slavery； Subordination； and Government。〃
A simple diagram； within the reach of all； shows how idle it is to look for any other cause than slavery as having any material agency in dividing the country。 Match the two broken pieces of the Union； and you will find the fissure that separates them zigzagging itself half across the continent like an isothermal line； shooting its splintery projections； and opening its reentering angles； not merely according to the limitations of particular States； but as a county or other limited section of ground belongs to freedom or to slavery。 Add to this the official statement made in 1862；