°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
slavery£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡banishment£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡executioner¡¡has¡¡done¡¡no¡¡more¡¡for¡¡that¡¡
criminal¡¡than¡¡nature¡¡may¡¡do¡¡tomorrow¡¡for¡¡the¡¡judge£»¡¡and¡¡will¡¡certainly¡¡do£»¡¡
in¡¡her¡¡own¡¡good¡¡time£»¡¡for¡¡judge¡¡and¡¡jury£»¡¡counsel¡¡and¡¡witnesses£»¡¡turnkeys£»¡¡
hangman£»¡¡and¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Should¡¡he¡¡be¡¡frightened¡¡by¡¡the¡¡manner¡¡of¡¡the¡¡death£¿¡¡
It¡¡is¡¡horrible£»¡¡truly£»¡¡so¡¡horrible£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡law£»¡¡afraid¡¡or¡¡ashamed¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡
deed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡hides¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡face¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡struggling¡¡¡¡¡¡wretch¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡slays£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡does¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡fact¡¡
naturally¡¡awaken¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡man£»¡¡terroror¡¡defiance£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Let¡¡the¡¡same¡¡man¡¡
speak¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨What¡¡did¡¡you¡¡think¡¡then£¿¡¨¡¡asked¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Wakefield¡£¡¡¡¨Think£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Why£»¡¡
I¡¡thought¡¡it¡¡was¡¡ashame¡£¡¨¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Disgust¡¡and¡¡indignation£»¡¡or¡¡recklessness¡¡and¡¡indifference£»¡¡or¡¡a¡¡morbid¡¡
tendency¡¡to¡¡brood¡¡over¡¡the¡¡sight¡¡until¡¡temptation¡¡is¡¡engendered¡¡by¡¡it£»¡¡are¡¡
the¡¡inevitable¡¡consequences¡¡of¡¡the¡¡spectacle£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡difference¡¡of¡¡
habit¡¡and¡¡disposition¡¡in¡¡those¡¡who¡¡behold¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Why¡¡should¡¡it¡¡frighten¡¡or¡¡
deter£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡does¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡police¡¡¡¡¡¡reports£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡26¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡MISCELLANEOUS¡¡PAPERS¡¡
from¡¡the¡¡testimony¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡have¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡prisons¡¡and¡¡prisoners£»¡¡
and¡¡we¡¡may¡¡know¡¡it£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡occasion¡¡of¡¡an¡¡execution£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡evidence¡¡of¡¡
our¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡senses£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡misery¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡using¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
purpose¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡why¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡Who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡send¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡child¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡
apprentice£»¡¡or¡¡what¡¡tutor¡¡would¡¡send¡¡his¡¡scholars£»¡¡or¡¡what¡¡master¡¡would¡¡
send¡¡his¡¡servants£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡deterred¡¡from¡¡vice¡¡by¡¡the¡¡spectacle¡¡of¡¡an¡¡execution£¿¡¡
If¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡example¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡criminals£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡criminals¡¡¡¡¡¡only£»¡¡¡¡¡¡why¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
prisoners¡¡in¡¡Newgate¡¡brought¡¡out¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡show¡¡before¡¡the¡¡debtors'¡¡door£¿¡¡
Why£»¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡parties¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡condemned¡¡¡¡¡¡sermon£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡
rigidly¡¡excluded¡¡from¡¡the¡¡improving¡¡postscript¡¡of¡¡the¡¡gallows£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Because¡¡
an¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡execution¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡known¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡utterly¡¡¡¡useless£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡barbarous£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡
brutalising¡¡sight£»¡¡and¡¡because¡¡the¡¡sympathy¡¡of¡¡all¡¡beholders£»¡¡who¡¡have¡¡any¡¡
sympathy¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡is¡¡certain¡¡to¡¡be¡¡always¡¡with¡¡the¡¡criminal£»¡¡and¡¡never¡¡with¡¡
the¡¡law¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡learn¡¡from¡¡the¡¡newspaper¡¡accounts¡¡of¡¡every¡¡execution£»¡¡how¡¡Mr¡£¡¡So¡¡¡
and¡so£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡¡¡Somebody¡¡¡¡else£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡¡¡So¡forth¡¡¡¡¡¡shook¡¡¡¡¡¡hands¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
culprit£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡never¡¡find¡¡them¡¡shaking¡¡hands¡¡with¡¡the¡¡hangman¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡¡kinds¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡attention¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡consideration¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡lavished¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡one£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
universally¡¡¡¡¡¡avoided£»¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡pestilence¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡want¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡why¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡
sympathy¡¡is¡¡expended¡¡on¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡kills¡¡another¡¡in¡¡the¡¡vehemence¡¡of¡¡
his¡¡own¡¡bad¡¡passions£»¡¡and¡¡why¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡kills¡¡him¡¡in¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
law¡¡is¡¡shunned¡¡and¡¡fled¡¡from£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Is¡¡it¡¡because¡¡the¡¡murderer¡¡is¡¡going¡¡to¡¡die£¿¡¡
Then¡¡by¡¡no¡¡means¡¡put¡¡him¡¡to¡¡death¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Is¡¡it¡¡because¡¡the¡¡hangman¡¡executes¡¡
a¡¡¡¡¡¡law£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡once¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡near¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡face¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡face£»¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡
instinctively¡¡revolt¡¡from£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Then¡¡by¡¡all¡¡means¡¡change¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡is£»¡¡there¡¡
can¡¡be£»¡¡no¡¡prevention¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡law¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡may¡¡be¡¡urged¡¡that¡¡Public¡¡Executions¡¡are¡¡not¡¡intended¡¡for¡¡the¡¡benefit¡¡
of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡dregs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡society¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡habitually¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡attend¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡an¡¡
absurdity£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the¡¡obvious¡¡answer¡¡is£»¡¡So¡¡much¡¡the¡¡worse¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡be¡¡
not¡¡¡¡¡¡considered¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡reference¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡class¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡persons£»¡¡¡¡¡¡comprehending¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡
great¡¡host¡¡of¡¡criminals¡¡in¡¡various¡¡stages¡¡of¡¡development£»¡¡they¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡
and¡¡must¡¡be¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡lose¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡that¡¡consideration¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡irrational£»¡¡unjust£»¡¡
and¡¡cruel¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡All¡¡other¡¡punishments¡¡are¡¡especially¡¡devised£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡reference¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡27¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡MISCELLANEOUS¡¡PAPERS¡¡
to¡¡the¡¡rooted¡¡habits£»¡¡propensities£»¡¡and¡¡antipathies¡¡of¡¡criminals¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡shall¡¡
it¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡said£»¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Bedlam£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡¡¡punishment¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡alone¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡be¡¡
made¡¡an¡¡exception¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rule£»¡¡even¡¡where¡¡it¡¡is¡¡shown¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡means¡¡of¡¡
propagating¡¡vice¡¡and¡¡crime£¿¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡there¡¡may¡¡be¡¡people¡¡who¡¡do¡¡not¡¡attend¡¡executions£»¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡the¡¡
general¡¡fame¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡rumour¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡scenes¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡example£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
deterring¡¡from¡¡crime¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Who¡¡are¡¡they£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡around¡¡Capital¡¡Punishment¡¡there¡¡
lingers¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡fascination£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡urging¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡weak¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bad¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡towards¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡
imparting¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡interest¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡details¡¡¡¡¡¡connected¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡malefactors¡¡
awaiting¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡suffering¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡¡disposed¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡
cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡withstand¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡dying¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡speeches¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Newgate¡¡
calendars¡¡are¡¡the¡¡favourite¡¡literature¡¡of¡¡very¡¡low¡¡intellects¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡gallows¡¡
is¡¡not¡¡appealed¡¡to¡¡as¡¡an¡¡example¡¡in¡¡the¡¡instruction¡¡of¡¡youth¡¡£¨unless¡¡they¡¡
are¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡training¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡it£©£»¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡condensed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡accounts¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡celebrated¡¡
executions¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡use¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡national¡¡¡¡¡¡schools¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡story¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡
spelling¡book¡¡of¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡Don't¡¡Care¡¡who¡¡was¡¡hanged¡¡at¡¡last£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡
understood¡¡to¡¡have¡¡had¡¡any¡¡remarkable¡¡effect¡¡on¡¡crimes¡¡or¡¡executions¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡generation¡¡to¡¡which¡¡it¡¡belonged£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡which¡¡it¡¡has¡¡passed¡¡away¡£¡¡
Hogarth's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡idle¡¡¡¡¡¡apprentice¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡hanged£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡scenewith¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
unmistakable¡¡¡¡¡¡stout¡¡¡¡¡¡lady£»¡¡¡¡¡¡drunk¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡pious£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cast£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡quarrelling£»¡¡
blasphemy£»¡¡lewdness£»¡¡and¡¡uproar£»¡¡Tiddy¡¡Doll¡¡vending¡¡his¡¡gingerbread£»¡¡and¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡boys¡¡¡¡¡¡picking¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡pocketis¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡bitter¡¡¡¡¡¡satire¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡
efficient¡¡then£»¡¡as¡¡now¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Is¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡efficient¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡prevent¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡crime£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡parliamentary¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡returns¡¡
demonstrate¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡was¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡making¡¡some¡¡extracts¡¡from¡¡
these¡¡¡¡¡¡documents£»¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡abstracted¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
papers¡¡published¡¡by¡¡the¡¡committee¡¡on¡¡this¡¡subject¡¡established¡¡at¡¡Aylesbury¡¡
last¡¡year£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡humane¡¡exertions¡¡of¡¡Lord¡¡Nugent£»¡¡that¡¡I¡¡am¡¡glad¡¡to¡¡quote¡¡
the¡¡general¡¡results¡¡from¡¡its¡¡pages£º¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨In¡¡¡¡¡¡1843¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡return¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡laid¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡table¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡House¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡
commitments¡¡and¡¡executions¡¡for¡¡murder¡¡in¡¡England¡¡and¡¡Wales¡¡during¡¡the¡¡
thirty¡¡years¡¡ending¡¡with¡¡December¡¡1842£»¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡five¡¡periods¡¡of¡¡six¡¡
¡¡¡Page¡¡28¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡MISCELLANEOUS¡¡PAPERS¡¡
years¡¡each¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡shows¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡last¡¡six¡¡years£»¡¡from¡¡1836¡¡to¡¡1842£»¡¡during¡¡
which¡¡there¡¡were¡¡only¡¡50¡¡executions£»¡¡the¡¡commitments¡¡for¡¡murder¡¡were¡¡
fewer¡¡by¡¡61¡¡than¡¡in¡¡the¡¡six¡¡years¡¡preceding¡¡with¡¡74¡¡executions£»¡¡fewer¡¡by¡¡
63¡¡than¡¡in¡¡the¡¡six¡¡years¡¡ending¡¡1830¡¡with¡¡75¡¡executions£»¡¡fewer¡¡by¡¡56¡¡than¡¡
in¡¡the¡¡six¡¡years¡¡ending¡¡1824¡¡with¡¡94¡¡executions£»¡¡and¡¡fewer¡¡by¡¡93¡¡than¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡six¡¡years¡¡ending¡¡1818¡¡when¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡less¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡executions¡¡
than¡¡122¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡said£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡inference¡¡we¡¡draw¡¡from¡¡
this¡¡return£»¡¡we¡¡are¡¡substituting¡¡cause¡¡for¡¡effect£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡in¡¡each¡¡successive¡¡
cycle£»¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡murders¡¡decreased¡¡in¡¡consequence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡example¡¡of¡¡
public¡¡executions¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cycle¡¡immediately¡¡preceding£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡for¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡reason¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡fewer¡¡¡¡¡¡commitments¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡with¡¡
some¡¡colour¡¡of¡¡truth£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡example¡¡had¡¡been¡¡taken¡¡from¡¡two¡¡successive¡¡
cycles¡¡only¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡when¡¡the¡¡comparative¡¡examples¡¡adduced¡¡are¡¡of¡¡no¡¡less¡¡
than¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡five¡¡¡¡¡¡successive¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡cycles£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡result¡¡¡¡¡¡gradually¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡constantly¡¡
progressive¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡same¡¡¡¡¡¡direction£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡relation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡facts¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡
determined¡¡¡¡¡¡beyond¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡ground¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡dispute£»¡¡¡¡¡¡namely£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡number¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
these¡¡¡¡¡¡crimes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡diminished¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡consequence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡diminution¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡
number¡¡of¡¡executions¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡More¡¡especially¡¡when¡¡it¡¡is¡¡also¡¡remembered¡¡that¡¡
it¡¡was¡¡immediately¡¡after¡¡the¡¡first¡¡of¡¡these¡¡cycles¡¡of¡¡five¡¡years£»¡¡when¡¡there¡¡
had¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡greatest¡¡¡¡¡¡number¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡executions¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡greatest¡¡¡¡¡¡number¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡
murders£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡greatest¡¡¡¡¡¡number¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡persons¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡suddenly¡¡¡¡¡¡cast¡¡¡¡¡¡loose¡¡
upon¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡without¡¡employ£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡reduction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Army¡¡and¡¡Navy£»¡¡
that¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡periods¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡distress¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡disturbance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡
agricultural¡¡and¡¡manufacturing¡¡districts£»¡¡and¡¡above¡¡all£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡during¡¡
the¡¡subsequent¡¡cycles¡¡that¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡mitigations¡¡were¡¡effected¡¡in¡¡
the¡¡law£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Punishment¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Death¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡taken¡¡¡¡¡¡away¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡for¡¡
crimes¡¡of¡¡stealth£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡cattle¡¡and¡¡horse¡¡stealing¡¡and¡¡forgery£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡
crimes¡¡¡¡¡¡corresponding¡¡¡¡¡¡statistics¡¡¡¡¡¡show¡¡¡¡¡¡likewise¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡corresponding¡¡¡¡¡¡decrease£»¡¡
but¡¡for¡¡the¡¡crimes¡¡of¡¡violence¡¡too£»¡¡tending¡¡to¡¡murder£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡are¡¡many¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡¡¡¡¡incendia