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360 BC
PHAEDO
by Plato
translated by Benjamin Jowett
PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE
PHAEDO； who is the narrator of the dialogue to ECHECRATES of Phlius
SOCRATES
APOLLODORUS
SIMMIAS
CEBES
CRITO
ATTENDANT OF THE PRISON
PHAEDO
SCENE： The Prison of Socrates
PLACE OF THE NARRATION： Phlius
Echecrates。 Were you yourself； Phaedo； in the prison with Socrates
on the day when he drank the poison？
Phaedo。 Yes； Echecrates； I was。
Ech。 I wish that you would tell me about his death。 What did he
say in his last hours？ We were informed that he died by taking poison；
but no one knew anything more； for no Phliasian ever goes to Athens
now； and a long time has elapsed since any Athenian found his way to
Phlius； and therefore we had no clear account。
Phaed。 Did you not hear of the proceedings at the trial？
Ech。 Yes； someone told us about the trial； and we could not
understand why； having been condemned； he was put to death； as
appeared； not at the time； but long afterwards。 What was the reason of
this？
Phaed。 An accident； Echecrates。 The reason was that the stern of the
ship which the Athenians send to Delos happened to have been crowned
on the day before he was tried。
Ech。 What is this ship？
Phaed。 This is the ship in which； as the Athenians say； Theseus went
to Crete when he took with him the fourteen youths； and was the
saviour of them and of himself。 And they were said to have vowed to
Apollo at the time； that if they were saved they would make an
annual pilgrimage to Delos。 Now this custom still continues； and the
whole period of the voyage to and from Delos； beginning when the
priest of Apollo crowns the stern of the ship； is a holy season；
during which the city is not allowed to be polluted by public
executions； and often； when the vessel is detained by adverse winds；
there may be a very considerable delay。 As I was saying； the ship
was crowned on the day before the trial； and this was the reason why
Socrates lay in prison and was not put to death until long after he
was condemned。
Ech。 What was the manner of his death； Phaedo？ What was said or
done？ And which of his friends had he with him？ Or were they not
allowed by the authorities to be present？ And did he die alone？
Phaed。 No； there were several of his friends with him。
Ech。 If you have nothing to do； I wish that you would tell me what
passed； as exactly as you can。
Phaed。 I have nothing to do； and will try to gratify your wish。
For to me； too； there is no greater pleasure than to have Socrates
brought to my recollection； whether I speak myself or hear another
speak of him。
Ech。 You will have listeners who are of the same mind with you；
and I hope that you will be as exact as you can。
Phaed。 I remember the strange feeling which came over me at being
with him。 For I could hardly believe that I was present at the death
of a friend； and therefore I did not pity him； Echecrates； his mien
and his language were so noble and fearless in the hour of death
that to me he appeared blessed。 I thought that in going to the other
world he could not be without a divine call； and that he would be
happy； if any man ever was； when he arrived there； and therefore I did
not pity him as might seem natural at such a time。 But neither could I
feel the pleasure which I usually felt in philosophical discourse （for
philosophy was the theme of which we spoke）。 I was pleased； and I
was also pained； because I knew that he was soon to die； and this
strange mixture of feeling was shared by us all； we were laughing
and weeping by turns； especially the excitable Apollodorus…you know
the sort of man？
Ech。 Yes。
Phaed。 He was quite overcome； and I myself and all of us were
greatly moved。
Ech。 Who were present？
Phaed。 Of native Athenians there were； besides Apollodorus；
Critobulus and his father Crito； Hermogenes； Epigenes； Aeschines；
and Antisthenes； likewise Ctesippus of the deme of Paeania； Menexenus；
and some others； but Plato； if I am not mistaken； was ill。
Ech。 Were there any strangers？
Phaed。 Yes； there were； Simmias the Theban； and Cebes； and
Phaedondes； Euclid and Terpison； who came from Megara。
Ech。 And was Aristippus there； and Cleombrotus？
Phaed。 No； they were said to be in Aegina。
Ech。 Anyone else？
Phaed。 I think that these were about all。
Ech。 And what was the discourse of which you spoke？
Phaed。 I will begin at the beginning； and endeavor to repeat the
entire conversation。 You must understand that we had been previously
in the habit of assembling early in the morning at the court in
which the trial was held； and which is not far from the prison。
There we remained talking with one another until the opening of the
prison doors （for they were not opened very early）； and then went in
and generally passed the day with Socrates。 On the last morning the
meeting was earlier than usual； this was owing to our having heard
on the previous evening that the sacred ship had arrived from Delos；
and therefore we agreed to meet very early at the accustomed place。 On
our going to the prison； the jailer who answered the door； instead
of admitting us； came out and bade us wait and he would call us。
〃For the Eleven；〃 he said； 〃are now with Socrates； they are taking off
his chains； and giving orders that he is to die to…day。〃 He soon
returned and said that we might come in。 On entering we found Socrates
just released from chains； and Xanthippe； whom you know； sitting by
him； and holding his child in her arms。 When she saw us she uttered
a cry and said； as women will： 〃O Socrates； this is the last time that
either you will converse with your friends； or they with you。〃
Socrates turned to Crito and said： 〃Crito； let someone take her home。〃
Some of Crito's people accordingly led her away； crying out and
beating herself。 And when she was gone； Socrates； sitting up on the
couch； began to bend and rub his leg； saying； as he rubbed： 〃How
singular is the thing called pleasure； and how curiously related to
pain； which might be thought to be the opposite of it； for they
never come to a man together； and yet he who pursues either of them is
generally compelled to take the other。 They are two； and yet they grow
together out of one head or stem； and I cannot help thinking that if
Aesop had noticed them； he would have made a fable about God trying to
reconcile their strife； and when he could not； he fastened their heads
together； and this is the reason why when one comes the other follows；
as I find in my own case pleasure comes following after the pain in my
leg； which was caused by the chain。〃
Upon this Cebes said： I am very glad indeed； Socrates； that you
mentioned the name of Aesop。 For that reminds me of a question which
has been asked by others； and was asked of me only the day before
yesterday by Evenus the poet； and as he will be sure to ask again； you
may as well tell me what I should say to him； if you would like him to
have an answer。 He wanted to know why you who never before wrote a
line of poetry； now that you are in prison are putting Aesop into
verse； and also composing that hymn in honor of Apollo。
Tell him； Cebes； he replied； that I had no idea of rivalling him
or his poems； which is the truth； for I knew that I could not do that。
But I wanted to see whether I could purge away a scruple which I
felt about certain dreams。 In the course of my life I have often had
intimations in dreams 〃that I should make music。〃 The same dream
came to me sometimes in one form； and sometimes in another； but always
saying the same or nearly the same words： Make and cultivate music；
said the dream。 And hitherto I had imagined that this was only
intended to exhort and encourage me in the study of philosophy；
which has always been the pursuit of my life； and is the noblest and
best of music。 The dream was bidding me to do what I was already
doing； in the same way that the competitor in a race is bidden by
the spectators to run when he is already running。 But I was not
certain of this； as the dream might have meant music in the popular
sense of the word； and being under sentence of death； and the festival
giving me a respite； I thought that I should be safer if I satisfied
the scruple； and； in obedience to the dream； composed a few verses
before I departed。 And first I made a hymn in honor of the god of
the festival； and then considering that a poet； if he is really to
be a poet or maker； should not only put