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k； and not an Asiatic one； as he pretended。 His ancestors were Christian Skipetars； who became Mussulmans after the Turkish invasion； and his ancestry certainly cannot be traced farther back than the end of the sixteenth century。
Mouktar Tepeleni； his grandfather； perished in the Turkish expedition against Corfu； in 1716。 Marshal Schullemburg； who defended the island； having repulsed the enemy with loss； took Mouktar prisoner on Mount San Salvador； where he was in charge of a signalling party； and with a barbarity worthy of his adversaries； hung him without trial。 It must be admitted that the memory of this murder must have had the effect of rendering Ali badly disposed towards Christians。
Mouktar left three sons； two of whom； Salik and Mahomet； were born of the same mother； a lawful wife； but the mother of the youngest； Veli； was a slave。 His origin was no legal bar to his succeeding like his brothers。 The family was one of the richest in the town of Tepelen； whose name it bore； it enjoyed an income of six thousand piastres； equal to twenty thousand francs。 This was a large fortune in a poor country； where； all commodities were cheap。 But the Tepeleni family； holding the rank of beys； had to maintain a state like that of the great financiers of feudal Europe。 They had to keep a large stud of horses； with a great retinue of servants and men…at…arms； and consequently to incur heavy expenses； thus they constantly found their revenue inadequate。 The most natural means of raising it which occurred to them was to diminish the number of those who shared it； therefore the two elder brothers； sons of the wife； combined against Veli； the son of the slave； and drove him out of the house。 The latter； forced to leave home； bore his fate like a brave man； and determined to levy exactions on others to compensate him for the losses incurred through his brothers。 He became a freebooter； patrolling highroads and lanes； with his gun on his shoulder and his yataghan in his belt； attacking； holding for ransom； or plundering all whom he encountered。
After some years of this profitable business； he found himself a wealthy man and chief of a warlike band。 Judging that the moment for vengeance had arrived； he marched for Tepelen； which he reached unsuspected； crossed the river Vojutza； the ancient Aous； penetrated the streets unresisted； and presented himself before the paternal house； in which his brothers； forewarned； had barricaded themselves。 He at once besieged them； soon forced the gates； and pursued them to a tent； in which they took a final refuge。 He surrounded this tent； waited till they were inside it； and then set fire to the four corners。 〃See；〃 said he to those around him； 〃they cannot accuse me of vindictive reprisals； my brothers drove me out of doors； and I retaliate by keeping them at home for ever。〃
In a few moments he was his father's sole heir and master of Tepelen。 Arrived at the summit of his ambition； he gave up free…booting； and established himself in the town； of which he became chief ago。 He had already a son by a slave； who soon presented him with another son； and afterwards with a daughter； so that he had no reason to fear dying without an heir。 But finding himself rich enough to maintain more wives and bring up many children； he desired to increase his credit by allying himself to some great family of the country。 He therefore solicited and obtained the hand of Kamco； daughter of a bey of Conitza。 This marriage attached him by the ties of relationship to the principal families of the province； among others to Kourd Pacha； Vizier of Serat； who was descended from the illustrious race of Scander Beg。 After a few years； Veli had by his new wife a son named Ali； the subject of this history； and a daughter named Chainitza。
Ire spite of his intentions to reform； Veli could not entirely give up his old habits。 Although his fortune placed him altogether above small gains and losses； he continued to amuse himself by raiding from time to time sheep； goats； and other perquisites； probably to keep his hand in。 This innocent exercise of his taste was not to the fancy of his neighbours； and brawls and fights recommenced in fine style。 Fortune did not always favour him； and the old mountaineer lost in the town part of what he had made on the hills。 Vexations soured his temper and injured his health。 Notwithstanding the injunctions of Mahomet； he sought consolation in wine； which soon closed his career。 He died in 1754。
CHAPTER II
Ali thus at thirteen years of age was free to indulge in the impetuosity of his character。 From his early youth he had manifested a mettle and activity rare in young Turks； haughty by nature and self…restrained by education。 Scarcely out of the nursery； he spent his time in climbing mountains； wandering through forests； scaling precipices； rolling in snow； inhaling the wind； defying the tempests； breathing out his nervous energy through every pore。 Possibly he learnt in the midst of every kind of danger to brave everything and subdue everything； possibly in sympathy with the majesty of nature； he felt aroused in him a need of personal grandeur which nothing could satiate。 In vain his father sought to calm his savage temper； and restrain his vagabond spirit； nothing was of； any use。 As obstinate as intractable； he set at defiance all efforts and all precautions。 If they shut him up； he broke the door or jumped out of the window； if they threatened him； he pretended to comply； conquered by fear； and promised everything that was required； but only to break his word the first opportunity。 He had a tutor specially attached to his person and charged to supervise all his actions。 He constantly deluded him by fresh tricks； and when he thought himself free from the consequences； he maltreated him with gross violence。 It was only in his youth； after his father's death； that he became more manageable； he even consented to learn to read； to please his mother； whose idol he was； and to whom in return he gave all his affection。
If Kamco had so strong a liking for Ali； it was because she found in him； not only her blood； but also her character。 During the lifetime of her husband； whom she feared； she seemed only an ordinary woman； but as soon as his eyes were closed； she gave free scope to the violent passions which agitated her bosom。 Ambitious； bold； vindictive； she assiduously cultivated the germs of ambition； hardihood； and vengeance which already strongly showed themselves in the young Ali。 〃My son；〃 she was never tired of telling him； 〃he who cannot defend his patrimony richly deserves to lose it。 Remember that the property of others is only theirs so long as they are strong enough to keep it； and that when you find yourself strong enough to take it from them； it is yours。 Success justifies everything； and everything is permissible to him who has the power to do it。〃
Ali； when he reached the zenith of his greatness； used to declare that his success was entirely his mother's work。 〃I owe everything to my mother；〃 he said one day to the French Consul； 〃for my father； when he died； left me nothing but a den of wild beasts and a few fields。 My imagination； inflamed by the counsels of her who has given me life twice over； since she has made me both a man and a vizier； revealed to me the secret of my destiny。 Thenceforward I saw nothing in Tepelen but the natal air from which I was to spring on the prey which I devoured mentally。 I dreamt of nothing else but power； treasures； palaces； in short what time has realised and still promises； for the point I have now reached is not the limit of my hopes。〃
Kamco did not confine herself to words； she employed every means to increase the fortune of her beloved son and to make him a power。 Her first care was to poison the children of Veli's favourite slave； who had died before him。 Then； at ease about the interior of her family； she directed her attention to the exterior。 Renouncing all the habit of her sex； she abandoned the veil and the distaff； and took up arms； under pretext of maintaining the rights of her children。 She collected round her her husband's old partisans； whom she attached to her； service； some by presents； others by various favours； and she gradually enlisted all the lawless and adventurous men in Toscaria。 With their aid； she made herself all powerful in Tepelen； and inflicted the most rigorous persecutions on such as remained hostile to her。
But the inhabitants of the two adjacent villages of Kormovo and Kardiki； fearing lest this terrible woman； aided by her son； now grown into a man； should strike a blow against their independence； made a secret alliance against her； with the object of putting her out of the way the first convenient opportunity。 Learning one day that Ali had started on a distant expedition with his best soldiers； they surprised Tepelen under cover of night； and carried off Kamco and her daughter Chainitza captives to Kardiki。 It was proposed to put them to death； and sufficient evidence to justify their execution was not wanting； but their beauty saved their lives； their captors preferred to revenge themselves by licentiousness rather than by murder。 Shut up all day in pr