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a chance victim to the disturbances of 1789。 Goriot established himself in the Rue de la Jussienne； close to the Corn Exchange。 His plain good sense led him to accept the position of President of the Section； so as to secure for his business the protection of those in power at that dangerous epoch。 This prudent step had led to success； the foundations of his fortune were laid in the time of the Scarcity （real or artificial）； when the price of grain of all kinds rose enormously in Paris。 People used to fight for bread at the bakers' doors； while other persons went to the grocers' shops and bought Italian paste foods without brawling over it。 It was during this year that Goriot made the money； which； at a later time； was to give him all the advantage of the great capitalist over the small buyer； he had； moreover； the usual luck of average ability； his mediocrity was the salvation of him。 He excited no one's envy； it was not even suspected that he was rich till the peril of being rich was over； and all his intelligence was concentrated； not on political； but on commercial speculations。 Goriot was an authority second to none on all questions relating to corn； flour； and 〃middlings〃； and the production； storage； and quality of grain。 He could estimate the yield of the harvest； and foresee market prices； he bought his cereals in Sicily； and imported Russian wheat。 Any one who had heard him hold forth on the regulations that control the importation and exportation of grain； who had seen his grasp of the subject； his clear insight into the principles involved； his appreciation of weak points in the way that the system worked； would have thought that here was the stuff of which a minister is made。 Patient； active； and persevering； energetic and prompt in action； he surveyed his business horizon with an eagle eye。 Nothing there took him by surprise； he foresaw all things； knew all that was happening； and kept his own counsel； he was a diplomatist in his quick comprehension of a situation； and in the routine of business he was as patient and plodding as a soldier on the march。 But beyond this business horizon he could not see。 He used to spend his hours of leisure on the threshold of his shop； leaning against the framework of the door。 Take him from his dark little counting…house； and he became once more the rough； slow…witted workman； a man who cannot understand a piece of reasoning； who is indifferent to all intellectual pleasures； and falls asleep at the play； a Parisian Dolibom in short； against whose stupidity other minds are powerless。
Natures of this kind are nearly all alike； in almost all of them you will find some hidden depth of sublime affection。 Two all… absorbing affections filled the vermicelli maker's heart to the exclusion of every other feeling； into them he seemed to put all the forces of his nature； as he put the whole power of his brain into the corn trade。 He had regarded his wife； the only daughter of a rich farmer of La Brie； with a devout admiration； his love for her had been boundless。 Goriot had felt the charm of a lovely and sensitive nature； which； in its delicate strength； was the very opposite of his own。 Is there any instinct more deeply implanted in the heart of man than the pride of protection； a protection which is constantly exerted for a fragile and defenceless creature？ Join love thereto； the warmth of gratitude that all generous souls feel for the source of their pleasures； and you have the explanation of many strange incongruities in human nature。
After seven years of unclouded happiness； Goriot lost his wife。 It was very unfortunate for him。 She was beginning to gain an ascendency over him in other ways； possibly she might have brought that barren soil under cultivation； she might have widened his ideas and given other directions to his thoughts。 But when she was dead； the instinct of fatherhood developed in him till it almost became a mania。 All the affection balked by death seemed to turn to his daughters； and he found full satisfaction for his heart in loving them。 More or less brilliant proposals were made to him from time to time； wealthy merchants or farmers with daughters vied with each other in offering inducements to him to marry again； but he determined to remain a widower。 His father…in…law； the only man for whom he felt a decided friendship； gave out that Goriot had made a vow to be faithful to his wife's memory。 The frequenters of the Corn Exchange； who could not comprehend this sublime piece of folly； joked about it among themselves； and found a ridiculous nickname for him。 One of them ventured （after a glass over a bargain） to call him by it； and a blow from the vermicelli maker's fist sent him headlong into a gutter in the Rue Oblin。 He could think of nothing else when his children were concerned； his love for them made him fidgety and anxious； and this was so well known； that one day a competitor； who wished to get rid of him to secure the field to himself； told Goriot that Delphine had just been knocked down by a cab。 The vermicelli maker turned ghastly pale； left the Exchange at once； and did not return for several days afterwards； he was ill in consequence of the shock and the subsequent relief on discovering that it was a false alarm。 This time； however； the offender did not escape with a bruised shoulder； at a critical moment in the man's affairs； Goriot drove him into bankruptcy； and forced him to disappear from the Corn Exchange。
As might have been expected； the two girls were spoiled。 With an income of sixty thousand francs； Goriot scarcely spent twelve hundred on himself； and found all his happiness in satisfying the whims of the two girls。 The best masters were engaged； that Anastasie and Delphine might be endowed with all the accomplishments which distinguish a good education。 They had a chaperonluckily for them； she was a woman who had good sense and good taste；they learned to ride； they had a carriage for their use； they lived as the mistress of a rich old lord might live； they had only to express a wish； their father would hasten to give them their most extravagant desires； and asked nothing of them in return but a kiss。 Goriot had raised the two girls to the level of the angels； and； quite naturally； he himself was left beneath them。 Poor man！ he loved them even for the pain that they gave him。
When the girls were old enough to be married； they were left free to choose for themselves。 Each had half her father's fortune as her dowry； and when the Comte de Restaud came to woo Anastasie for her beauty； her social aspirations led her to leave her father's house for a more exalted sphere。 Delphine wished for money； she married Nucingen； a banker of German extraction； who became a Baron of the Holy Roman Empire。 Goriot remained a vermicelli maker as before。 His daughters and his sons…in…law began to demur； they did not like to see him still engaged in trade； though his whole life was bound up with his business。 For five years he stood out against their entreaties； then he yielded； and consented to retire on the amount realized by the sale of his business and the savings of the last few years。 It was this capital that Mme。 Vauquer； in the early days of his residence with her； had calculated would bring in eight or ten thousand livres in a year。 He had taken refuge in her lodging… house； driven there by despair when he knew that his daughters were compelled by their husbands not only to refuse to receive him as an inmate in their houses； but even to see him no more except in private。
This was all the information which Rastignac gained from a M。 Muret who had purchased Goriot's business； information which confirmed the Duchesse de Langeais' suppositions； and herewith the preliminary explanation of this obscure but terrible Parisian tragedy comes to an end。
Towards the end of the first week in December Rastignac received two lettersone from his mother； and one from his eldest sister。 His heart beat fast； half with happiness； half with fear； at the sight of the familiar handwriting。 Those two little scraps of paper contained life or death for his hopes。 But while he felt a shiver of dread as he remembered their dire poverty at home； he knew their love for him so well that he could not help fearing that he was draining their very life…blood。 His mother's letter ran as follows：
〃My Dear Child；I am sending you the money that you asked for。 Make a good use of it。 Even to save your life I could not raise so large a sum a second time without your father's knowledge； and there would be trouble about it。 We should be obliged to mortgage the land。 It is impossible to judge of the merits of schemes of which I am ignorant； but what sort of schemes can they be； that you should fear to tell me about them？ Volumes of explanation would not have been needed； we mothers can understand at a word； and that word would have spared me the anguish of uncertainty。 I do not know how to hide the painful impression that your letter has made upon me； my dear son。 What can you have felt when you were moved to send this chill of dread through my heart？ It must have been very painful to you to write the letter that gave me so much pain as I read it。 To what courses are you committed？ You are going