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the Americans （美国人）
the Africans （非洲人）
我们说过，一般的专有名词是不要加冠词的，但是有很多其它的名词前面也不要加冠词，以下是一些规则：
学科一概不加冠词
I do not like mathematics。
He hates geometry。
She teaches us history。
三餐一概不加冠词
Did you have lunch。
Missing breakfast is bad for your health。
We have had dinner already。
千万记住，如果我们的名词指定某一个特定的时候，就仍要加冠词，以下是一些例子：
I had a happy Christmas lunch with my family。
The dinner you treated me last night was really good。
Did you have a big breakfast？
假如我们说〝上学〞，〝去教堂〞等等，都不要加冠词，例如
I went to church yesterday。
He goes to church every Sunday。
She is going to college this summer。
Did you go to school last week？
但是如果我们说的是指定的教堂，学校等等，仍要加冠词，例如：
I went to the church at the corner of Park Street yesterday。
The church which I went to when I was young is still there。
I did not go to the college which my father went to。
语言不要加冠词
English is easy to learn。
There are also grammatical rules in Chinese。
Can you speech Japanese？
但是，我们必须注意语言有另一种表示的方法，例如：
The English language is easy to learn。
There are grammatical rules in the Chinese language。
运动一概前面不加冠词
Do you play tennis？
I can not play basketball。
I really love soccer。
动名词前面不加冠词，例如
Swimming is good for you。
I like playing tennis。
Do you enjoy playing piano？
【练习五十九】
以下的句子都有冠词用法的错误，请改正这些错误：
The Girls are often good in learning languages。
The dogs always chase the cats。
Do you have the time？
I have not had a water for two hours。
There is no life without the pain。
The love is the most important thing in one's life。
He has the wisdom。
I am losing the patience。
This is not time to cry。
Pain due to losing a loved one is hard to endure。
Joy being a father is really great。
Being honest is virtue。
Speaking the truth is good policy。
Can you feel sadness of his？
We need the air to live。
I do not drink the coffee。 I drink the tea。
We Chinese eat the rice every day。
Water in this area is very clean。
There was fire in the next street last night。
Fire last night killed three kids。
Coffee which you are drinking is from South America。
Mary is from the Canada。
The China is a large country。
Republic of China was Founded in 1911。
Where is the England？
Is the Russian in Europe。
The President Lincoln is a great person。
The King George was a mad king。
Yellow River is a long river。
Have you been to Gobi Desert？
Manila Bay is very beautiful。
It is hard to cross Atlantic Ocean by a small boat。
Can you swim across English Channel？
United States of America is a large country。
United Nations and Red Cross often work together。
When did Ottoman Empire end？
British Empire was large before。
Catholic Church is one of the oldest organizations in the world。
This cup was made in Ming Dynasty。
Renaissance is a very important era for mankind。
We should not go back to Dark Ages。
Wangs did not invite me to their house。
I do not like Kennedys。
Chinese pay great attention to education。
I do not like the physics。
Are you interested in the chemistry？
Did you have the lunch？
Let us have the dinner together。
I always have a breakfast with my family。
I had big dinner last night。
Dinner my mother cooked for me was delicious。
I go to the church every Sunday。
He does not like to go to the school。
Did you see beautiful church in the next street？
The English is so hard for me。
Do you speak the English？
Do you play the tennis？
The swimming is good for you。
I like the walking in the woods。
I practice the baseball every week。
【练习六十】
在以下的空白处加入冠词，如不需要冠词，就让它空白：
1。 boys usually do not like to sit still for long。
2。 I love to have cup of coffee。
3。 There is love between us。
4。 Can you feel love from you mother？
5。 joy for having a new baby is really great。
6。 Do you have time for a walk？
7。 We can not live without love。
8。 I have not drunk wine for a long time。
9。 Do you have wisdom to distinguish bad persons from good persons？
10。 This is good dinner。
11。 I did not have dinner。
12。 joy being mother is great。
13。 Running is good practice。
14。 sadness due to the death of his mother really hurts him。
15。 We need water to live。
16。 We can not live without air。
17。 I do not drink coffee。
18。 fire with occurred last night destroyed my house。
19。 coffee which you are drinking is very light。
20。 Republic of China is in Asia。
21。 Where is Russia？
22。 Is France in Africa？
23。 President Kennedy was liked by most American before be died。
24。 Amazon River is a long one。
25。 Have you ever been to Tokyo？
26。 Have you ever been to Tokyo Bay？
27。 There are more than one hundred countries in United Nations。
28。 This is Ming Dynasty porcalain。
29。 Wangs invited us to a dinner party。
30。 I do not like mathematics。
31。 spring is a pleasant season。
32。 I had pleasant evening with my friends。
33。 breakfast which I had this morning was too light for me。
34。 It is not easy to study English。
35。 I did play basketball yesterday。
36。 swimming is a good exercise。
37。 There should be chicken in every pot。
38。 It is good idea to eat lightly。
【练习六十一】
将以下的句子译成成英文：
狗会叫（bark）。
猫会抓老鼠。
有时候（sometimes），痛苦是好的。
我不喝茶。
感觉到被爱是很重要的。
说实话令人快乐。
我们需要爱。
他是一个中国人。
中国人喜欢喝茶。
昨夜，城里有一场火。
约翰来自美国。
法国在哪里？
我喜欢林肯总统。
黄河不是黄的。
红十字会已经有一百年了（one hundred years old）。
明朝是一个重要的朝代。
你喜爱数学吗？
我今天早上没有吃早饭。
我已吃过午饭。
我昨天没有去教堂。
我今年秋天要上大学。
游泳使我强壮。
第十三章 形容词的比较级
如果我们要翻译〝他比较老〞，我们不能说
＊ He is more old。
而一定要说
He is older。
为什么呢？这是因为英文里面的形容词有所谓的比较级规则。在下一节，我们讲一些最基本的规则。
13§1 最基本的规则
首先，我们要说明英文形容词有三个等级：原级、比较级和最高级，最基本的规则是根据音节的多少来分的。一般来说，单音节的形容词在字后面加er，就变成了比较级，加est就变成了最高级，而双音节，或双音节以上的形容词，比较级是在字前面加more，最高级则是在字前面加most，举例来说，old； smart； strong； weak； high； low等等都是单音节的形容词，他们的变化如下：
原级
比较级
最高级
old
older
oldest
smart
smarter
smartest
strong
stronger
strongest
weak
weaker
weakest
high
higher
highest
low
lower
lowest
以上的形容词，都是单音节的，以下的例子都有关双音节的形容词：
原级
比较级
最高级
difficult
more difficult
most difficult
delicious
more delicious
most delicious
beautiful
more beautiful
most beautiful
correct
more correct
most correct
stupid
more stupid
most stupid
significant
more significant
most significant
有一个规则必须注意，我们不能将more和er混在一齐用，以下的例子都是错的：
He is more older than I。
He is more taller than his brother。
正确的句子是：
He is older than I。
He is taller than his brother。
【练习六十二】
写出以下形容词的比较级：
small
slow
intelligent
expensive
tall
short
important
cheap
famous
cold
fast
careful
colorful
long
dark
bright
13§2 特殊的比较级规则
在上一节，我们说明了最基本的规则，那就是单音节形容词加er或est，双音节的形容词前面加more或most。但以下就是这些基本规则的例外。
单音节形容词的字是e，就直接加r或st：
原级
比较级
最高级
large
larger
largest
late
later
latest
nice
nicer
nicest
wise
wiser
wisest
形容词的字尾是y，而前一个子母是一个子音，则除掉y，加上ier，或iest：
原级
比较级
最高级
lucky
luckier
luckiest
happ
happier
happiest
pretty
prettier
prettiest
dry
drier
driest
easy
easier
easiest
单音节形容词的字尾是子音，前一音是一个元音，则字尾必须重复一次，再加er或est：
原级
比较级
最高级
fat
fatter
fattest
hot
hotter
hottest
wet
wetter
wettest
big
bigger
biggest
完全不规则的变化：
英文中，有几个特殊的字，他们的比较级完全没有规则，以下是一些例子，读者必须记住：
原级
比较级
最高级
good
well
better
best
bad
worse
worst
many
much
more
most
【练习六十三】
写下以下形容词的比较级：
cute
wide
early
happy
heavy
thin
easy
hot
wise
large
good
bad
many
13§3 比较形的用法
大多数比较级句子里会有than，以下是一些例子：
I am older than he。
His English is better than mine。
San Francisco is more beautiful than New York。
His car is cheaper than your car。
He is the most diligent student in his class。
I like apples more than oranges。
He has more money than his brother。
He is stronger than his brother。
必须注意的是以下的句子是错的：
I am older than him。
She is smarter than me。
为什么错了呢？因为原来句子应该是：
I am older than he （is）。
She is more smart than I （am）。
习惯上的is和am都省略掉的，由以上的解释可以看出，than后面的句词应该是主词，而非受词。
以下的错误，也请特别注意：
My head is larger than your。
正确的句子是：