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Mary was not very happy when she was young。
They are not strong boys。
Peter is not ing。
John is not going to work。
2。助动词后面可以直接加not。例如：
He has not written any letter。
They will not e。
He cannot swim。
They should not cry very often。
Tom had not eaten any thing before you came。
He may never eat cakes in the future。
John has not lived here。
3。一般句子的动词必须加入do或他的变形。
He does not smoke。
He did not go。
I do not love sports。
You do not like to eat fish。
They do not swim very well。
We did not see that movie。
在英文中，我们可以用have to来代替must，以下是have to的例子：
He has to go to Chicago tomorrow。（他明天应该去芝加哥）
They had to buy three tickets to go to the concert。（他们必须买三张票去听音乐会）
I have to work very hard。（我必须努力工作）
含有have to的句子，如要改成否定句子，必须在have to前面加do或它的变形，请看以下的例子：
肯定句子
否定句子
He has to eat a lot of food。
He does not have to eat a lot of food。
He had to leave
He did not have to leave。
I have to write that letter。
I do not have to write that letter。
【练习二十三】
将以下的肯定句子改成否定句子：
I saw your brother last night。
I like apples。
She is a beautiful girl。
They can play violin very well。
Mr。 Chang must answer the following questions。
He went to see his brother last night。
He could sing many songs。
He will buy this car。
It rained heavily last night。
I have lived here for three years。
He has to see his mother。
He had to stay here yesterday。
6§2 No； Never和Any的用法
要达成否定的意思；有时我们也可以用no和never这些字，no必须跟一个名词，请看下面的例子：
1。I saw no students here。
2。There are no lakes in this country。
3。I have no money。
4。I had no choice。
5。He has no friends。
以上这些例子也可以用not来表示否定的意思，如果用not，则以上的句子应该照下面的方式写；
1。I did not see any student here。
2。We can not find any lake in this country。
3。I do not have any money。
4。I did not have any choice。
5。He does not have any friends。
除以上not之外，never也可以表达否定的意思，以下都是never的例子，请注意never常用在完成式的句子里：
I have never gone there。
He has never written any song。
They have never washed their clothes。
【练习二十四】
用no，not和never填空在以下的句子里：
I have money。
A selfish person does have any friends。
man is entirely alone。
one is living here。 We can get into this house。
a single person loves me。
one loves me。
The person whom I saw did e。
I did go to work yesterday。
I had work to do yesterday。
I can find any one in this hall。
I have gone to America。
He has written to me。
第七章 问句（Questions）
7§1 答案只是〝Yes〞或〝No〞的问题
有些问题，答案只有〝Yes〞或〝No〞，以下是一些例子。
原来句子
问句
I am a boy。
Am I a boy？
He has a car。
Does he have a car？
I gave him three books。
Did I give him three books？
He cannot work。
Can he work？
He has not seen me。
Has he seen me？
They like your novel。
Do They like your novel？
The sun sets in the west。
Does the sunset in the west？
They are good teachers。
Are they good teachers？
He will not go to a concert tonight。
Will he go to a concert tonight？
He is going to swim。
Is he going to swim？
They must eat vegetables。
Must they eat vegetables？
They have to go。
Do they have to go？
I walked two kilometers yesterday。
Did I walk two kilometers yesterday？
It is raining now。
Is it raining now？
根据以上的例子，我们可以归纳乘以下的规则：
凡动词是verb to be的，变成问句时，动词移到主词前面去。
例子：
原来句子
问句
You are a girl。
Are you a girl？
He was a teacher。
Was he a teacher？
They were all old。
Were they all old？
This song is beautiful。
Is this song beautiful？
Peter is a good student。
Is Peter a good student？
动词不是verb to be，也没有助动词，改成问句时，必须加助动词do或他的变形，这个助动词必须在主词的前面。
例子：
原来句子
问句
I like music。
Do I like music？
He likes sports。
Does he like sports？
Peter went to America。
Did Peter go to America？
He ate three apples last night。
Did he eat three apples last night？
Her mother calls her every week。
Does her mother call her every week？
句子中间如已有助动词，改成问句时，只要将助动词移到主动词前面即可。
例子：
原来句子
问句
He did not eat。
Did he eat？
He has gone to America。
Has he gone to America？
She can dance。
Can she dance？
I will see you tonight。
Will I see you tonight？
They are going to Washington。
Are they going to Washington？
我们的问句中，当然也可已有否定的意义，比方说，我们可以问：
你不喜欢音乐吗？
他不是你的弟弟吗？
你从未见过他？
英文句子也可以如此，例如：
Don't you like music？
Doesn't he play piano？
Aren't you his brother？
Isn't he a good student？
Didn't he go to school？
Hasn't he lived here？
Won't he leave tomorrow？
注意，这时not通常和动词连在一起了。
有一件事，是我们中国人必须注意的，假如有人问你：
你不喜欢音乐吗？
而你本人的确也不喜欢音乐，你会回答说：
是，我不喜欢音乐。
也就是说，我们中国人的回答是顺着问句的。问句说你不喜欢，我们同意他的说法，所以前面加一个〝是〞。假设我喜欢音乐，我会回答说：
不，我喜欢音乐。
可是，英文正好相反，英文的yes和no，与问句的问法无关，而对应了回答的事实。举例来说，我们的问句也许是：
Don't you like music？
你如不喜欢音乐就回答说：
No； I don't like music。
你如喜欢音乐，就回答说：
Yes； I like music。
再举一例，有人问：
Isn't he Chinese？
他是中国人就回答：
Yes； he is。
他如不是，就回答：
No； he isn't。
反正，英文的yes和no，都和答案的事实对应，而与如何问无关。
【练习二十五】
将以下句子翻译成英文问句：
你喜欢他吗？
他是美国人吗？
你昨天有没有去教堂？
他曾经到过日本吗？
你要去台北吗？
他不喜欢体育吗？
你从未去过日本吗？
他有一个妹妹吗？
他们都是学生吗？
你的哥哥昨天见过我爸爸吗？
7§2 回答不只是〝yes〞和〝no〞的问句
问句的答案当然不一定只是yes或no，以下的问句都是例子：
Where did you buy this book？
Where did you see him？
How do you like America？
Whom do you like？
Which cake do you want？
Whose book is this？
What kind of method is this？
Which country were you born in？
Which do you want； an apple or an orange？
Whom do you like most； your brother or your sister？
Where did you go last night？
When did you meet your father？
When did you read this book？
Whom did you give this book to？
以上的问句中都有助动词，但以下的问句中，助动词是不存在的：
Who gave you this car？
Who wrote this letter？
Who took my pen away？
Who wants to go with me？
Who can sing this song？
【练习二十六】
将以下的中文问句翻译成英文问句：
你在哪里买这本书的？
他什么时候到美国去的？
他爸爸的名字是什么？
这是谁的书？
你从哪里来的？
你要哪一本书？
这个孩子是谁？
他最喜欢谁？
他叫什么名字？
你昨天到哪里去了？
这是谁的狗？
【练习二十七】
填空
did you go last night？
book do you like？
is your brother？
is his name？
wrote this letter？
did you give this book to？
gave you this book？
car is this？
dog is this？
movie did you see？
can speak English？
did you speak to？
kind of car is this？
fruit do you like most？
does not swim？
被动语气（Passive Voice）
8§1 及物动词和不及物动词
任何一个英文句子必定有一个动词，请先注意以下例句的动词
He was a teacher before。
He went to school yesterday。
He hit a dog。
I saw you yesterday。
He walks to school every day。
He sent this book to me。
They are good students。
He wrote two novels。
They ate all of the apples。
10。 He swims every morning。
在以上的例子中，第3、4、6、8及9句子中的动词都是及物动词（transitive verbs）。这些动词后面都跟着一个名词，而这个名词是动词的受词（object），其它句子的动词，都是不及物动词，因为他们都没有任何受词。
我们将以上句子中，主词、及物动词和受词的关系分析如下：
句子
主词
及物动词
受词
He hit a dog。
He
hit
dog
I saw you yesterday。
I
saw
you
He sent his book to me。
He
sent
his book
He wrote two novels。
He
wrote
two novels
They ate all of the apples。
They
ate
all of the apples
一旦动词是及物动词，我们就可以将这个句子由原来的主动语气（active voice）改成被动语气（passive voice）。但我们也要警告读者，不要轻易用被动语气，因为有时被动语气的句子是不自然的。
8§2 没有助动词的被动语气
在这以前，我们的句子都是主动语气，这种句子的基本形式如下：
主词＋动词＋受词
所谓的被动语气，乃是将原来的受词变成主词。举例来说，主动语气中，我们说〝我看到一些狗〞，在被动语气中，我们说〝一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中，将主动语气改成被动语气，必须做以下的动作：
原有受词变成名词
动词变成verb to be＋过去分词（past participle）
原有主词变成在动词后面，但前面加by。
举例来说，主动语气的句子可以是
I saw a cat。
被动语气就成了
A cat was seen by me。
最重要的是，verb to be的时式必须和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，动词是过去式，所以verb to be也是过去式。除此以外，verb to be也要配合新的主词。请看以下的例子：
I saw two cats。
改成被动语气以后，句子是：
Two cats were seen by me。
以下是主动改被动的例子，最重要的是注意verb to be的形式：
主动语气（active voice）
被动语气（passive voice）
Mr。 Jones hit the dog。
The dog was hit by Mr。 Jones。
My brother saw you yesterday。
You were seen by my brother yesterday。
He sent th