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f fifty thousand dollars。 Relihan to the same amount。 A small army of politicians and political hangers…on were on his books for various sums。 And for Edward Malia Butler he occasionally carried as high as one hundred thousand dollars in margins。 His own loans at the banks； varying from day to day on variously hypothecated securities； were as high as seven and eight hundred thousand dollars。 Like a spider in a spangled net； every thread of which he knew； had laid； had tested； he had surrounded and entangled himself in a splendid； glittering network of connections； and he was watching all the details。
His one pet idea； the thing he put more faith in than anything else； was his street…railway manipulations； and particularly his actual control of the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Street line。 Through an advance to him； on deposit； made in his bank by Stener at a time when the stock of the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Street line was at a low ebb； he had managed to pick up fifty…one per cent。 of the stock for himself and Stener； by virtue of which he was able to do as he pleased with the road。 To accomplish this； however； he had resorted to some very 〃peculiar〃 methods； as they afterward came to be termed in financial circles； to get this stock at his own valuation。 Through agents he caused suits for damages to be brought against the company for non…payment of interest due。 A little stock in the hands of a hireling； a request made to a court of record to examine the books of the company in order to determine whether a receivership were not advisable； a simultaneous attack in the stock market； selling at three； five； seven； and ten points off； brought the frightened stockholders into the market with their holdings。 The banks considered the line a poor risk； and called their loans in connection with it。 His father's bank had made one loan to one of the principal stockholders； and that was promptly called； of course。 Then； through an agent； the several heaviest shareholders were approached and an offer was made to help them out。 The stocks would be taken off their hands at forty。 They had not really been able to discover the source of all their woes； and they imagined that the road was in bad condition； which it was not。 Better let it go。 The money was immediately forthcoming； and Cowperwood and Stener jointly controlled fifty…one per cent。 But； as in the case of the North Pennsylvania line； Cowperwood had been quietly buying all of the small minority holdings； so that he had in reality fifty…one per cent。 of the stock； and Stener twenty…five per cent。 more。
This intoxicated him； for immediately he saw the opportunity of fulfilling his long…contemplated dreamthat of reorganizing the company in conjunction with the North Pennsylvania line； issuing three shares where one had been before and after unloading all but a control on the general public； using the money secured to buy into other lines which were to be boomed and sold in the same way。 In short； he was one of those early； daring manipulators who later were to seize upon other and ever larger phases of American natural development for their own aggrandizement。
In connection with this first consolidation； his plan was to spread rumors of the coming consolidation of the two lines； to appeal to the legislature for privileges of extension； to get up an arresting prospectus and later annual reports； and to boom the stock on the stock exchange as much as his swelling resources would permit。 The trouble is that when you are trying to make a market for a stockto unload a large issue such as his was （over five hundred thousand dollars' worth）while retaining five hundred thousand for yourself； it requires large capital to handle it。 The owner in these cases is compelled not only to go on the market and do much fictitious buying； thus creating a fictitious demand； but once this fictitious demand has deceived the public and he has been able to unload a considerable quantity of his wares； he is； unless he rids himself of all his stock； compelled to stand behind it。 If； for instance； he sold five thousand shares； as was done in this instance； and retained five thousand； he must see that the public price of the outstanding five thousand shares did not fall below a certain point； because the value of his private shares would fall with it。 And if； as is almost always the case； the private shares had been hypothecated with banks and trust companies for money wherewith to conduct other enterprises； the falling of their value in the open market merely meant that the banks would call for large margins to protect their loans or call their loans entirely。 This meant that his work was a failure； and he might readily fail。 He was already conducting one such difficult campaign in connection with this city…loan deal； the price of which varied from day to day； and which he was only too anxious to have vary； for in the main he profited by these changes。
But this second burden； interesting enough as it was； meant that he had to be doubly watchful。 Once the stock was sold at a high price； the money borrowed from the city treasurer could be returned； his own holdings created out of foresight； by capitalizing the future； by writing the shrewd prospectuses and reports； would be worth their face value； or little less。 He would have money to invest in other lines。 He might obtain the financial direction of the whole； in which case he would be worth millions。 One shrewd thing he did； which indicated the foresight and subtlety of the man； was to make a separate organization or company of any extension or addition which he made to his line。 Thus； if he had two or three miles of track on a street； and he wanted to extend it two or three miles farther on the same street； instead of including this extension in the existing corporation； he would make a second corporation to control the additional two or three miles of right of way。 This corporation he would capitalize at so much； and issue stocks and bonds for its construction； equipment； and manipulation。 Having done this he would then take the sub…corporation over into the parent concern； issuing more stocks and bonds of the parent company wherewith to do it； and； of course； selling these bonds to the public。 Even his brothers who worked for him did not know the various ramifications of his numerous deals； and executed his orders blindly。 Sometimes Joseph said to Edward； in a puzzled way； 〃Well； Frank knows what he is about； I guess。〃
On the other hand； he was most careful to see that every current obligation was instantly met； and even anticipated； for he wanted to make a great show of regularity。 Nothing was so precious as reputation and standing。 His forethought； caution； and promptness pleased the bankers。 They thought he was one of the sanest； shrewdest men they had ever met。
However； by the spring and summer of 1871； Cowperwood had actually； without being in any conceivable danger from any source； spread himself out very thin。 Because of his great success he had grown more liberaleasierin his financial ventures。 By degrees； and largely because of his own confidence in himself； he had induced his father to enter upon his street…car speculations； to use the resources of the Third National to carry a part of his loans and to furnish capital at such times as quick resources were necessary。 In the beginning the old gentleman had been a little nervous and skeptical； but as time had worn on and nothing but profit eventuated； he grew bolder and more confident。
〃Frank；〃 he would say； looking up over his spectacles； 〃aren't you afraid you're going a little too fast in these matters？ You're carrying a lot of loans these days。〃
〃No more than I ever did； father； considering my resources。 You can't turn large deals without large loans。 You know that as well as I do。〃
〃Yes； I know； butnow that Green and Coatesaren't you going pretty strong there？〃
〃Not at all。 I know the inside conditions there。 The stock is bound to go up eventually。 I'll bull it up。 I'll combine it with my other lines； if necessary。〃
Cowperwood stared at his boy。 Never was there such a defiant； daring manipulator。
〃You needn't worry about me； father。 If you are going to do that； call my loans。 Other banks will loan on my stocks。 I'd like to see your bank have the interest。〃
So Cowperwood； Sr。； was convinced。 There was no gainsaying this argument。 His bank was loaning Frank heavily； but not more so than any other。 And as for the great blocks of stocks he was carrying in his son's companies； he was to be told when to get out should that prove necessary。 Frank's brothers were being aided in the same way to make money on the side； and their interests were also now bound up indissolubly with his own。
With his growing financial opportunities； however； Cowperwood had also grown very liberal in what might be termed his standard of living。 Certain young art dealers in Philadelphia； learning of his artistic inclinations and his growing wealth； had followed him up with suggestions as to furniture； tapestries； rugs； objects of art； and paintingsat first the American and later the foreign masters exclusively。 His own and his father's house had not been