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The Origin and Nature of Emotions
by George W。 Crile
Miscellaneous Papers
BY
GEORGE W。 CRILE； M。D。
PROFESSOR OF SURGERY； SCHOOL OF MEDICINE； WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY VISITING SURGEON TO THE LAKESIDE HOSPITAL； CLEVELAND
EDITED BY AMY F。 ROWLAND； B。 S。
PREFACE
IN response to numerous requests I have brought together into this volume eight papers which may serve as a supplement to the volumes previously published＇*＇ and as a preface to monographs now in preparation。
＇*＇ Surgical Shock； 1899； Surgery of the Respiratory System； 1899； Problems Relating to Surgical Operations； 1901； Blood Pressure in Surgery； 1903； Hemorrhage and Transfusion； 1909； Anemia and Resuscitation； 1914； and Anoci…association； 1914 （with Dr。 W。 E。 Lower）。
In the first of these addresses； the Ether Day Address； delivered at the Massachusetts General Hospital in October； 1910； I first enunciated the Kinetic Theory of Shock； the key to which was found in laboratory researches and in a study of Darwin's 〃Expression of the Emotions in Man and in Animals；〃 whereby the phylogenetic origin of the emotions was made manifest and the pathologic identity of surgical and emotional shock was established。 Since 1910 my associates and I have continued our researches through （a） Histologic studies of all the organs and tissues of the body； （b） Estimation of the H…ion concentration of the blood in the emotions of anger and fear and after the application of many other forms of stimuli； （c） Functional tests of the adrenals； and （d） Clinical observations。
It would seem that if the striking changes produced by fear and anger and by physical trauma in the master organ of the body the brainwere due to WORK； then we should expect to find corresponding histologic changes in other organs of the body as well。 We therefore examined every organ and tissue of the bodies of animals which had been subjected to intense fear and anger and to infection and to the action of foreign proteins； some animals being killed immediately； some several hours after the immediate effects of the stimuli had passed； some after seances of strong emotion had been repeated several times during a week or longer。
The examination of all the tissues and organs of these animals showed changes in three organs only； and with few exceptions in all three of these organsthe brain； the adrenals； and the liver。 The extent of these changes is well shown by the photomicrographs which illustrate the paper on 〃The Kinetic System〃 which is included in this volume。 This paper describes many experiments which show that the brain； the adrenal； and the liver play together constantly and that no one of these organsas far at least as is indicated by the histologic studiescan act without the co…operation of the other two。
Another striking fact which has been experimentally established is that the deterioration of these three organs caused by emotion； by exertion； and by other causes is largely counteracted； if not exclusively； during sleep。 If animals exhausted by the continued application of a stimulus are allowed complete rest for a certain number of hours； _*without sleep_； the characteristic histologic appearance of exhaustion in the brain； adrenals； and liver is not altered notably； whereas in animals allowed to sleep for the same number of hours the histologic changes in these organs are lessened in some cases obliterated even。
This significant phenomenon and its relation will be dealt with in a later monograph。
Many of the arguments and illustrations by which the primary premises were established are repeateda few in allmany in more than one of these addresses。 It will be observed； however； that the APPLICATION of these premises varies； and that their SIGNIFICANCE broadens progressively。
In the Ether Day Address the phylogenetic key supplied by Darwin was utilized to formulate the principle that the organism reacts as a unit to the stimuli of physical injury； of emotion； of infection； etc。 To the study of these reactions （transformations of energy） the epoch…making work of Sherrington； 〃The Integrative Action of the Nervous System；〃 gave an added key by which the dominating role of the brain was determined。 Later the original work of Cannon on the adrenal glands gave facts； and an experimental method by which Darwin's phylogenetic theory of the emotions was further elaborated in other papers； especially in the one entitled 〃Phylogenetic Association in Relation to the Emotions；〃 read before The American Philosophical Society in April； 1911。 GEORGE W。 CRILE。 CLEVELAND； OHIO； _February； 1915_。
CONTENTS PAGE PHYLOGENETIC ASSOCIATION IN RELATION TO CERTAIN MEDICAL PROBLEMS。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。1
PHYLOGENETIC ASSOCIATION IN RELATION TO THE EMOTIONS 。 。 。 。 55 PAIN； LAUGHTER； AND CRYING。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 77
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE PHYSICAL STATE OF THE BRAIN…CELLS AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS…EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL 。 。 。 。111
A MECHANISTIC VIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。127
A MECHANISTIC THEORY OF DISEASE。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。157
THE KINETIC SYSTEM 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。173
ALKALESCENCE； ACIDITY； ANESTHESIAA THEORY OF ANESTHESIA。 。227
INDEX。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。237 THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE EMOTIONS
PHYLOGENETIC ASSOCIATION IN RELATION TO CERTAIN MEDICAL PROBLEMS＇*＇
＇*＇ Address delivered at the Massachusetts General Hospital on the sixty…fourth anniversary of Ether Day； Oct。 15； 1910。
The discovery of the anesthetic properties of ether and its practical application to surgery must always stand as one of the great achievements of medicine。 It is eminently fitting that the anniversary of that notable day； when the possibilities of ether were first made known to the world； should be celebrated within these walls； and whatever the topic of your Ether Day orator； he must fittingly pause first to pay tribute to that great event and to the master surgeons of the Massachusetts General Hospital。 On this occasion； on behalf of the dumb animals as well as on behalf of suffering humanity； I express a deep sense of gratitude for the blessings of anesthesia。
Two years ago； an historic appreciation of the discovery of ether was presented here by Professor Welch； and last year an address on medical research was given by President Eliot。 I； therefore； will not attempt a general address； but will invite your attention to an experimental and clinical study。 In presenting the summaries of the large amount of data in these researches； I acknowledge with gratitude the great assistance rendered by my associates； Dr。 D。 H。 Dolley； Dr。 H。 G。 Sloan； Dr。 J。 B。 Austin； and Dr。 M。 L。 Menten。＇*＇
＇*＇ From the H。 K。 Cushing Laboratory of Experimental Medicine； Western Reserve University； Cleveland。
The scope of this paper may be explained by a concrete example。 When a barefoot boy steps on a sharp stone there is an immediate discharge of nervous energy in his effort to escape from the wounding stone。 This is not a voluntary act。 It is not due to his own personal experience his ontogenybut is due to the experience of his progenitors during the vast periods of time required for the evolution of the species to which he belongs； _i。 e_。； his phylogeny。 The wounding stone made an impression upon the nerve receptors in the foot similar to the innumerable injuries which gave origin to this nerve mechanism itself during the boy's vast phylogenetic or ancestral experience。 The stone supplied the phylogenetic association； and the appropriate discharge of nervous energy automatically followed。 If the sole of the foot be repeatedly bruised or crushed by a stone； shock may be produced； if the stone be only lightly applied； then the consequent sensation of tickling causes a discharge of nervous energy。 In like manner there have been implanted in the body other mechanisms of ancestral or phylogenetic origin whose purpose is the discharge of nervous energy for the good of the individual。 In this paper I shall discuss the origin and mode of action of some of these mechanisms and their relation to certain phases of anesthesia。
The word anesthesiameaning WITHOUT FEELINGdescribes accurately the effect of ether in anesthetic dosage。 Although no pain is felt in operations under inhalation anesthesia； the _*nerve impulses excited by a surgical operation still reach the brain_。 We know that not every portion of the brain is fully anesthetized； since surgical anesthesia does not kill。 The question then is： What effect has trauma under surgical anesthesia upon the part of the brain THAT REMAINS AWAKE？ If； in surgical anesthesia； the traumatic impulses cause an excitation of the wide…awake cells； are the remainder of the cells of the brain； despite anesthesia； affected in any way？ If so； they are prevented by the anesthesia from expressing that influence in conscious perception or in muscular action。 Whether the ANESTHETIZED cells are influenced or not must be determined by noting the physiologic functions of the body after anesthesia has worn off； and in animals by an examination of the brain…cells as well。 It has long been known that the vasomotor；