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It should be noted that in every instance the muscular activity resulting from pain is specific in its type； its distribution； and its intensity； this specificity being true not only of pain which is the result of external stimulation； but also of the pain associated with certain types of infection。
Pain； however； is not the only symptom of the invasion of the body by pyogenic or parasitic organisms。 Fever； invariably； and chills； often； accompany the course of the infections。 Can these phenomena also be explained as adaptations of the motor mechanism for the good of the individual？
As the phenomena of chills and fever are most strikingly exhibited in malaria； let us study the course of events in that disease。 It is known that the malarial parasite develops in the red blood…corpuscles； and that the chills and fever appear when the cycle of parasitic development is complete and the adults are ready to escape from the corpuscles of the blood plasma。 Bass； of New Orleans； has proved that the favorable temperature for the growth of the malarial organism is 98'0； and that at 102'0 the adult organisms will be killed； though the latter temperature is not fatal to the spores。 The adult life of the malarial parasite begins after its escape into the blood plasma； and it is there that the organism is most susceptible to high temperature。 We must infer； therefore； that the fever is an adaptation on the part of the host for despatching the enemy。
What； then； may be the protective part played by the chill？ A chill is made up of intermittent contractions of all the external muscles of the body。 This activity results in an increase of the body heat and in an anemia of the superficial parts of the body； so that less heat can be lost by radiation。 By this means； therefore； the external portions of the body contribute measurably to the production of the beneficent and saving fever。
It must be remembered that this power of adaptation is not peculiar to man alone； but that it is a quality shared by all living creatures。 While the human body has been adapting itself for self…protection by producing a febrile reaction whereby to kill the invading organisms； the invaders on their side have been adapting themselves for a life struggle within the body of the host。 In these mortal conflicts between invaders and host； therefore； the issue is often in doubt； and sometimes one and sometimes the other will emerge victorious。
We must believe that a similar adaptive response exists in all parasitic infectionsthe cycles varying according to the stages in the development of the invaders。 If the bacteria develop continuously； the fever is constant instead of intermittent； since the adequate stimulus is constantly present。
Bacteriology has taught us that both heat and cold are fatal to pathogenic infections； for this reason either of the apparently contradictory methods of treatment may help； _i。 e_。； either hot or cold applications。 It should be borne in mind； however； that we have to deal not only with the adult organisms； but with the spores also。 The application of cold may keep the spores from developing； while heat may promote their development； and the course of the disease may vary； therefore； according to our choice of treatment。
From this viewpoint； we can understand the intermittent temperature in a patient who is convalescing from an extreme infection； as peritonitis； pylephlebitis； multiple abscess of the liver； etc。 In these conditions there may occur days of normal temperature； followed by an abrupt rise which will last for several days this in turn succeeded by another remittance。 This cycle may be repeated several times； and on our hypothesis we may believe it is caused by the successive development to maturity of spores of varying ages。
If these premises are sound； the wisdom of reducing the temperature in case of infection may well be questioned。
On this mechanistic basis the emotions also may be explained as activations of the entire motor mechanism for fighting； for escaping； for copulating。 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
The emotions； then； are the preparation for phylogenetic activities （Fig。 48）。 If the activities were consummated； the fuelglycogen and the activating secretions from the thyroid； the adrenals； the hypophysis； would be consumed。 In the activation without action these products must be eliminated as waste products and so a heavy strain is put upon the organs of elimination。 It is obvious that the body under emotion might be clarified by active muscular exercise； but the subject of the emotion is so strongly integrated thereby that it is difficult for him to engage in diverting； clarifying exertion。 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
So； as we have indicated already； certain deleterious effects are produced when the body mechanism is activated without resultant action。 For example； the output of adrenalin is increased； and； as a consequence； arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular disease may occur in persons who have been subjected to prolonged emotional strain； since it has been proved that the prolonged administration of adrenalin will cause these conditions。 We have stated that the emotions cause increased output of glycogen。 Glycogen is a step toward diabetes； and therefore this disease； too； is prone to appear in persons under emotional strain。 It is most common in those races which are especially emotional in character； so we are not surprised to find it especially prevalent among Jews。 So common is this particular result of prolonged emotion that some one has said； 〃When the stocks go down in New York； diabetes goes up。〃 Nephritis； also； may result from emotional stress； because of the strain put upon the kidneys by the unconsumed activating substances。 The increased heart action and the presence of these activating secretions may cause myocarditis and heart degeneration。 Claudication also may result from the impaired circulation。
The emotions may cause an inhibition of the digestive secretions and of intestinal peristalsis。 This means that the digestive processes are arrested； that putrefaction and autointoxication will result； and that still further strain will thus be put upon the organs of elimination。 Who has not observed in himself and in others when under the influence of fear； anger； jealousy； or grief that the digestive processes and general well…being are rapidly and materially altered； while as tranquillity； peace； and happiness return the physical state improves accordingly？
Dentists testify that as a result of continued strong emotion the character of the saliva changes； pyorrhea develops； and the teeth decay rapidly。 Every one knows that strong emotion may cause the hair to fall out and to become prematurely gray。
As to the most important organ of allthe brainevery one is conscious of its impaired efficiency under emotional strain； and laboratory researches show that the deficiency is accounted for by actual cell deterioration； so the individual who day by day is under heavy emotional strain finds himself losing strength slowly especially do his friends note it。 By summation of stimuli his threshold becomes lowered until stimuli； which under normal conditions would be of no effect； produce undue responses。 〃The grasshopper becomes a burden；〃 and prolonged rest and change of environmental conditions are necessary for restoration。
If in a long emotional strain the brain is beaten down； if the number of 〃low…efficiency〃 cells increases； the driving power of the brain is correspondingly lessened and therefore the various organs of the body may escape through the very inefficiency of the brain to produce in them forced activity。 On the other hand； if the brain remains vigorous； the kidneys may take the strain and break down； if the kidneys do not break； the blood…vessels may harden； if the blood…vessels are not affected； the thyroid may become hyperplastic and produce Graves' disease； if the thyroid escapes； diabetes may develop； while if the iron constitution of the mechanism can successfully bear the strain in all its parts； then the individual will break his competitors； and their mechanisms will suffer in the struggle。
This whole train of deleterious results of body activation without action may be best observed and studied in that most emotional of diseasesexophthalmic goiter。 In this disease the constantly stimulated distance ceptors dispossess the contact ceptors from the common path； and drive the motor mechanism to its own destruction； and the patient has the appearance of a person in great terror； or of a runner approaching the end of a Marathon race （Figs。 16 and 48 to 54）。
Exophthalmic goiter may result from long emotional or mental stress in those cases in which the thyroid takes the brunt of the strain upon the mechanism。 As adrenalin increases blood…pressure； so thyroid secretion increases brain activity； and increased brain activity in turn causes an increased activation of the motor mechanism as a whole。
We know that a deficiency or lack of thyroid secretion will inhibit sexual emotion and conception； will produce stu