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o are constantly in London； and eat and drink as plentifully as any people in the world。 And now I am speaking of hired horses； I cannot avoid taking notice of the vast number of coach…horses that are kept to be let out to noblemen or gentlemen； to carry or bring them to and from the distant parts of the kingdom； or to supply the undertakers of funerals with horses for their coaches and hearses。 There are some of these men that keep several hundreds of horses； with coaches； coachmen； and a complete equipage； that will be ready at a day's warning to attend a gentleman to any part of England。 These people also are great jockeys。 They go to all the fairs in the country and buy up horses； with which they furnish most of the nobility and gentry about town。 And if a nobleman does not care to run any hazard； or have the trouble of keeping horses in town； they will agree to furnish him with a set all the year round。
The principal taverns are large handsome edifices； made as commodious for the entertaining a variety of company as can be contrived； with some spacious rooms for the accommodation of numerous assemblies。 Here a stranger may be furnished with wines； and excellent food of all kinds； dressed after the best manner：… each company； and every particular man； if he pleases； has a room to himself； and a good fire if it be winter time； for which he pays nothing； and is not to be disturbed or turned out of his room by any other man of what quality soever； till he thinks fit to leave it。 And as many people meet here upon business； at least an equal…number resort hither purely for pleasure； or to refresh themselves in an evening after a day's fatigue。
And though the taverns are very numerous； yet ale…houses are much more so； being visited by the inferior tradesmen； mechanics； journeymen； porters； coachmen； carmen； servants； and others whose pockets will not reach a glass of wine。 Here they sit promiscuously in common dirty rooms； with large fires； and clouds of tobacco； where one that is not used to them can scarce breathe or see； but as they are a busy sort of people； they seldom stay long； returning to their several employments； and are succeeded by fresh sets of the same rank of men； at their leisure hours； all day long。
Of eating…houses and cook…shops there are not many； considering the largeness of the town； unless it be about the Inns of Court and Chancery； Smithfield； and the Royal Exchange； and some other places； to which the country…people and strangers resort when they come to town。 Here is good butcher's meat of all kinds； and in the best of them fowls； pigs； geese； &c。； the last of which are pretty dear； but one that can make a meal of butcher's meat； may have as much as he cares to eat for sixpence； he must be content indeed to sit in a public room； and use the same linen that forty people have done before him。 Besides meat； he finds very good white bread； table… beer； &c。
Coffee…houses are almost as numerous as ale…houses； dispersed in every part of the town； where they sell tea； coffee； chocolate； drams； and in many of the great ones arrack and other punch； wine； &c。 These consist chiefly of one large common room； with good fires in winter； and hither the middle sort of people chiefly resort； many to breakfast； read the news； and talk politics； after which they retire home： others； who are strangers in town； meet here about noon； and appoint some tavern to dine at； and a great many attend at the coffee…houses near the Exchange； the Inns of Court； and Westminster； about their business。 In the afternoon about four； people resort to these places again； from whence they adjourn to the tavern； the play； &c。； and some； when they have taken a handsome dose； run to the coffee…house at midnight for a dish of coffee to set them right； while others conclude the day here with drams； or a bowl of punch。
There are but few cider…houses about London； though this be liquor of English growth； because it is generally thought too cold for the climate； and to elevate the spirits less than wine or strong beer。
The four grand distinctions of the people are these：… （1） The nobility and gentry； （2） the merchants and first…rate tradesmen； （3） the lawyers and physicians； and （4） inferior tradesmen； attorneys； clerks； apprentices； coachmen； carmen； chairmen； watermen； porters； and servants。
The first class may not only be divided into nobility and gentry； but into either such as have dependence on the Court； or such as have none。 Those who have offices； places； or pensions from the Court； or any expectations from thence； constantly attend the levees of the prince and his ministers； which takes up the greatest part of the little morning they have。 At noon most of the nobility； and such gentlemen as are members of the House of Commons； go down to Westminster； and when the Houses do not sit late； return home to dinner。 Others that are not members of either House； and have no particular business to attend； are found in the chocolate…houses near the Court； or in the park； and many more do not stir from their houses till after dinner。 As to the ladies； who seldom rise till about noon； the first part of their time is spent； after the duties of the closet； either at the tea…table or in dressing； unless they take a turn to Covent Garden or Ludgate Hill； and tumble over the mercers' rich silks； or view some India or China trifle； some prohibited manufacture； or foreign lace。
Thus； the business of the day being despatched before dinner； both by the ladies and gentlemen； the evening is devoted to pleasure； all the world get abroad in their gayest equipage between four and five in the evening； some bound to the play； others to the opera； the assembly； the masquerade； or music…meeting； to which they move in such crowds that their coaches can scarce pass the streets。
The merchants and tradesmen of the first…rate make no mean figure in London； they have many of them houses equal to those of the nobility； with great gates and courtyards before them； and seats in the country； whither they retire the latter end of the week； returning to the city again on Mondays or Tuesdays； they keep their coaches； saddle…horses； and footmen； their houses are richly and beautifully furnished； and though their equipage be not altogether so shining and their servants so numerous as those of the nobility； they generally abound in wealth and plenty； and are generally masters of a larger cash than they have occasion to make use of in the way of trade； whereby they are always provided against accidents； and are enabled to make an advantageous purchase when it offers。 And in this they differ from the merchants of other countries； that they know when they have enough； for they retire to their estates； and enjoy the fruits of their labours in the decline of life； reserving only business enough to divert their leisure hours。 They become gentlemen and magistrates in the counties where their estates lie； and as they are frequently the younger brothers of good families； it is not uncommon to see them purchase those estates that the eldest branches of their respective families have been obliged to part with。
Their character is that they are neither so much in haste as the French to grow rich； nor so niggardly as the Dutch to save； that their houses are richly furnished； and their tables well served。 You are neither soothed nor soured by the merchants of London； they seldom ask too much； and foreigners buy of them as cheap as others。 They are punctual in their payments； generous and charitable； very obliging； and not too ceremonious； easy of access； ready to communicate their knowledge of the respective countries they traffic with； and the condition of their trade。
As to their way of life； they usually rise some hours before the gentlemen at the other end of the town； and having paid their devotions to Heaven； seldom fail in a morning of surveying the condition of their accounts； and giving their orders to their bookkeepers and agents for the management of their respective trades； after which； being dressed in a modest garb； without any footmen or attendants； they go about their business to the Custom House； Bank； Exchange； &c。； and after dinner sometimes apply themselves to business again； but the morning is much the busiest part of the day。 In the evening of every other day the post comes in； when the perusing their letters may employ part of their time； as the answering them does on other days of the week； and they frequently meet at the tavern in the evening； either to transact their affairs； or to take a cheerful glass after the business of the day is over。
As to the wives and daughters of the merchants and principal tradesmen； they endeavour to imitate the Court ladies in their dress； and follow much the same diversions； and it is not uncommon to see a nobleman match with a citizen's daughter； by which she gains a title； and he discharges the incumbrances on his estate with her fortune。 Merchants' sons are sometimes initiated into the same business their fathers follow； but if they find an estate gotten to their hands； many of them choose rather to become country gentlemen。
As to the lawyers or barristers； these also are frequently the younger son