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unchanging force； but the maximum power of a gale would be unable to
carry thousands of tons of heavy sand to form a hill…range at the
extreme distance from the original base of the material。 At Hambantotte；
in the southern district of Ceylon； there is an extraordinary example of
this action； where during one monsoon a range of mounds is formed which
might be termed hills； when the monsoon changes； these by degrees
disappear； and； according to the alteration in the wind； a range of
hills is formed in an exactly opposite direction。
I was glad to escape from Morphu； the wind from the dry plain was hot；
and brought clouds of dust。 We were surrounded by throngs of people
during the day； many of whom were blind； including young children。 The
13th April was the Greek Easter Sunday； and we could not start； as Iiani
declared that the mules had run away during the night； and could not be
found； we knew this was only an excuse for remaining at Morphu； and he
at length confessed that the mules were caught； and we could start in
the afternoon if I would allow him to wait until he should have received
the sacrament together with his wife。 Having thus brought the
theological and the domestic guns to concentrate their fire upon me； I
was obliged to yield； and liani appeared in such a jovial frame of mind
in the afternoon； and smelt so strongly of spirits； that I suspected his
devotions had been made at the raki…shop instead of the altar。
On 14th April we started； and were thankful to leave Morphu。 The route
lay across the plain westward； and in some parts we rode along the sea
margin； eagerly hurrying our animals to turn the corner of the hills and
escape from the hot and dreary plain。 The breeze was northerly； and a
heavy surf broke upon the coast； exhibiting the exposed position of
Morphu Bay from north to west。 On the eastern side the beach is sandy
and the water deepens rapidly； affording good and safe anchorage near
the shore； but should the wind change suddenly to west or north； the
position would be dangerous。 The bay is the most striking of all the
numerous indentations on the shores of Cyprus。 The bold points of Cape
Kormachiti and Cape Kokkino form the chord of an arc twenty…one miles in
length； from the centre of which the bay enters the land about eleven
miles。 It would be impossible to land from boats even during a moderate
breeze from the west to north without considerable danger； but I can see
no difficulty in arranging a floating breakwater that would afford
shelter for small vessels and add materially to the importance of the
roadstead。 These are the necessary improvements which require an outlay；
and unfortunately under the existing conditions of our occupation the
revenue that would be available for public works is transferred to the
treasury of Constantinople； thus the Turk still hampers progress； as he
governs Cyprus in the uniform of the British official。 We rounded the
base of the hills； which rose rapidly from the shore； and crossed
several small streams thickly fringed with tamarisk； that would be
impassable during sudden storms of the rainy season。 Several villages
were distinguished by their bright green appearance among the hills；
which denoted the existence of springs or rivulets； and as we proceeded
we observed that all crops in the low ground had benefited by artificial
irrigation。
After a ride of two hours and a half we arrived at Caravastasi； and
halted in a very stony field at the back of the village； beneath an old
caroub…tree that had grown thick and shady by the merciless hacking of
its taller boughs； which had reduced it to a pollard。 The village of
Caravastasi consists only of eight or ten houses； but is rendered
important by a Custom…house。 It is situated on the most inland point of
Morphu Bay； and is slightly sheltered on the west by a promontory； which
forms a neat little cove for the protection of small vessels； but it is
completely open due north。 Nothing would be easier than to construct a
small harbour； by extending a pier or breakwater from the end of the
promontory in the required direction； and the present unimportant
village would become only second in importance to Kyrenia。
The positions of ancient sea…port ruins attest the value that attached
to certain geographical points in former days； and although the vessels
of those periods may have been much inferior to ships of modern times；
they were sufficiently large for the commerce of the country and for the
capabilities of the harbours。 The trade of Cyprus will always be carried
by vessels from twenty to one hundred and fifty tons； and there should
be no difficulty in providing shelter for ships of this small draught of
water。 The ruins of Soli； on the west of the present village of
Caravastasi； prove that the Athenians； who founded the original city；
were thoroughly cognizant of the value of a position which is the only
spot upon the whole northern coast of Cyprus that will afford shelter or
a landing…place； excepting the harbour of Kyrenia。 In the early period
of Cyprian history Soli represented one of the independent kingdoms when
the island was divided into ten； Amathus； Cerinea （Kyrenia）； Citium；
Chytri； Curium； Lapithas； Marium； Nea…Paphos； Salamis； and Soli。 The
Phoenicians； from their own southern position； naturally selected the
ports most convenient for their trade； and accordingly settled on the
south coast of Cyprus； their chief towns being Amathus； Citium； and
Paphos； these were important commercial ports at a time when Cyprus was
in its zenith of prosperity； and were sufficient for the requirements of
the period。 If the British occupation is intended to be permanent it
will be highly necessary to determine the classes of harbours that
should be provided； as it would be a useless extravagance to expend
large sums upon the construction of ports beyond the necessities of the
trade。 As I have already expressed an opinion that the commerce of
Cyprus will be represented by vessels of moderate tonnage； the necessary
protection for such vessels may be obtained at an equally moderate
outlay； and both Soli and Kyrenia may be made available as safe harbours
for all traders upon the northern coast。 Famagousta would become the
arsenal and dockyard for ships of war； Larnaca and Limasol would be safe
roadsteads for all classes； and could easily be arranged to protect
small trading…vessels； while Baffo would； like Kyrenia and Soli； be
restored to its original position。 All rudimentary harbour…works would
be planned with a view to future extension； as might be rendered
necessary by the development of trade。
Colonel White； 1st Royal Scots； who had been appointed chief
commissioner of the Lefkosia district from his former similar position
at Larnaca； arrived at Caravastasi upon the same day as ourselves。 This
very painstaking and energetic officer was exploring his district and
investigating all the nooks and corners of the mountainous frontier
which bounded his authority； he was accordingly assailed with complaints
and lamentations concerning the endless water disputes among the
villages； those of the lower ground declaring that the streams to which
they were entitled by the rights of centuries had been diverted to other
channels； that the Turkish authorities had been bribed by the opposing
litigants； with the usual long list of grievances； the discussion of
which I shall defer to a special chapter upon 〃Irrigation。〃
CHAPTER VIII。
ROUTE TO BAFFO。
Our tent was pitched upon rising ground； which formed the direct slope
from the sea； a quarter of a mile distant； to the mountain…top about
1500 or 2000 feet above us； the insignificant village of Caravastasi was
upon the sea…beach in our immediate front。
From our commanding position I had observed a peculiar mound with a
cliff…face half a mile to the west； which exhibited the unusual colour
of a bright lemon yellow in close conjunction with red of various
shades。 Upon crossing numerous fields of barley； which the reapers had
just attacked （14th April）； I descended a ravine at the foot of this
peculiar formation； which I carefully examined。
Since we had crossed the plain of Morphu and quitted the compact
limestone of the Carpas range we had entered upon an interesting
geological change。 Eruptive rocks had burst through the marls and
calcareous sedimentary limestone of the coast and had produced very
curious examples of metamorphous rocks； where the marls and limestone
had been in immediate contact with the plutonic。 The cliff above me was
about fifty feet high； as I stood at its base within a shallow gorge
that formed a brook during the rainy season。
The bottom upon which I stood was a mass of debris of bright colours；
varying from pure white to different shades of yellow and red。 This
material appeared to have fallen recently； as the blocks did not exhibit
the dull exterior that would have resulted from atmospherical exposure。
I climbed up the steep face of crumbled matter with some difficulty； as
the sharply inclined surface descended with me； emitting a peculiar
metallic clink like masses of broken porcelain。 On arrival at the top I
remarked that only a fe