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in the trade at Limasol。 The old commanderia was sufficiently sweet to
occasion a roughness in the throat； and each quality was far too
luscious for English taste； but might have been agreeable to sip like
Tokay； by soaking a sponge biscuit。 The utterly rude method of producing
native wines； which can scarcely be dignified by the term 〃manufacture；〃
is a sufficient explanation of their inferior quality； but at the same
time it is a proof of the great wine…producing power of Cyprus； where；
in spite of ignorance and neglect； an extensive commerce has been
established； which adds materially to the revenue of the island。 If
these badly…made wines have founded an important trade； there is every
reason to expect a corresponding extension when scientific principles
shall have resulted in a superior quality。
The black wines receive even less care than the commanderia； the grapes
are trodden； and are thrown into receptacles to ferment； together with
the skins and stalks。 This bruised mass； after lying a certain time
exposed to fermentation； is pressed； and the muddy juice is stowed in
the large tarred jars to ripen for a few months； which； according to
Cyprian taste； are sufficient to prepare it for consumption。 The stalks
and black skins； being extremely rich in tannin； have imparted to the
wine a powerful astringency and the exceedingly dark colour which so
disagreeably distinguish this common quality。 The growers imagine that
the extra amount of tannin is preservative； without which； their wine
might deteriorate during the rough treatment to which it is subjected by
transport and exposure； and to their specially…educated palates this
astringency is agreeable； combined with the strong flavour of tar； which
completely excludes it from the consumption of Englishmen。 Neither the
commanderia nor any other quality of wine is subjected to the process of
〃fining；〃 when issued from the stores of the merchant； therefore； a
really bright clear wine is never met with。 The black wines could be
considerably improved by allowing them to settle in large vats； and by a
series of rackings into other vessels； as they become clearer by
depositing their impurities。 I have tried this experiment upon a small
scale with success； and there can be no doubt that the simple manual
labour of drawing off the clear wine to enable it to fine itself by
precipitating the albuminous matter that has been fixed by the
superabundant tannin； would render the 〃mavro；〃 or black wine；
drinkable； always excepting the presence of tar； which can at once be
avoided by the substitution of casks for the earthen jars and
goat…skins。
At the expiration of the vintage the vines remain uncared…for throughout
the autumn and winter； cattle and goats invade them ad libitum so long
as their leaves are attractive； and no operation is performed until the
month of March。 At this time they are pruned close to the stocks； which
are generally about one foot above the ground； and two eyes are supposed
to be left upon each spur。 But I have watched the cultivators during the
process； and observed the usual neglect； sometimes the spurs were shaved
off completely； without a bud for next year's shoot； and at others too
many buds were left； that would weaken and disfigure the parent stem。
The instrument for pruning was similar to a very small reaping…hook；
with a handle about a foot in length； and the delicate operation was
conducted with a rapidity that rendered the necessary care impossible。
After the clearing of the refuse the land is carefully ploughed and
cleaned。
I visited some large wine…stores in Larnaca； where casks of about 300
gallons each were arranged in long parallel rows； all filled with
commanderia of various ages and corresponding prices。
Having now traced the liquor from the original vineyard into the
merchant's store； it will be interesting to examine the network of
obstructions and extortions to which the unfortunate wine…grower is
exposed before he can deliver his produce into the hands of the
merchant； either at Limasol or elsewhere。
Consul Riddell reported officially in 1875 as follows：
〃The wine trade of Cyprus was last year
exceptionally large； owing to the abundant produce of
the vineyards in 1874。 The outcome of grapes and
wines in 1875 did not exceed an ordinary average；
and growers still complain loudly that the imposts
upon wines； reckoning from the grape to the vat； are
so heavyamounting to about 35 or 40 per cent。and
their imposition and collection so very arbitrary and
unequal； that many vineyards are being abandoned。
〃The government； it is said； have under consideration
the anomalous state of the wine trade in Cyprus；
with a view to relieve and redress the many grievances
of which consumers complain； and in the meanwhile
the collection of the imposts is suspended。 Should
the result prove to be the elaboration of a fair；
reasonable； and consistent scale of duties； the revival
of the wine trade may be reasonably looked forward
to； and under sound regulations and intelligent
fostering the trade would undoubtedly become a large
and profitable one to this island。〃
In 1876； the year following the promised reform；
Consul Pierides reports：
〃The quantity of all sorts of wine produced was
much below that of 1875。 The principal shipments
were made to Trieste and Venice。 The collection of
the imposts； which was for a short time suspended； has
recommenced； and the manner in which it is conducted
is still arbitrary and vexatious； while remonstrances
have hitherto been of no avail。 It is time for the
government to put an end to these grievances； which
indeed threaten to destroy one of the best resources
of the island。〃
In 1877 Consul Watkins reports：
〃The manufacture of wine here is greatly on the
decrease； for； owing to all sorts of unreasonable
regulations； and to the vexatious mode of their
application； cultivators now prefer making their grapes
into raisins。〃
Here we have consecutive official reports from three different British
consuls during 1875…1877。 The British occupation took place in 1878I
am writing in 1879and although the grievances of the Cyprian
wine…growers were sufficiently aggravated to call for the vigorous
reports and protests of three different British consuls during the
Turkish administration； no amelioration of their condition has been
effected during twelve months of British rule。
Captain Savile； in his excellent digest of all that concerns this
island； writes：
〃The grievances connected with the culture of the
vines and the manufacture of wine which are alluded
to in the consular reports； existed as long ago as 1863；
and were then mentioned by Consul White； who says
that the peasants were even then beginning to find it
more profitable to sell their grapes； or to make them
into raisins； rather than； by turning them into wine； to
subject themselves to the duty lately imposed over and
above the tithe and export duties； which were collected
in a very harassing manner。 The growers have had
to pay； under the tax called ‘dimes；' an eighth part of
the produce of grapes to the treasury； but this could
not be taken in kind； so a money value was fixed yearly
by the local medjlis； or fixed tribunal； but as the assessment
was based on the market…price at the chief town
of the district； instead of the value at the place of
growth； this tax； instead of being about 12。5 per cent。；
in reality amounted to over 20 per cent。 Then again
when the wine was made； an excise duty of 10 per
cent。 was levied； and on export； a tax of 8 per cent。
had to be paid。 The natural consequence of these
excessive impositions has been the diminution of a
culture for which the island is particularly adapted。
Consul Lang suggests that it might be wise to free this
production from all tax； except a proper export duty。〃
How easy it is to be generous at the expense of others！here are
（including Consuls White and Lang） no less than five British consuls who
have been protesting against this instance of oppression and injustice
since the year 1862； and it would naturally have been expected that one
of our first acts upon assuming the government of Cyprus would have been
to abolish an abuse that had excited the remonstrances of our own
representatives。 The fact is that we were reduced to a financial ebb of
the gravest character by the absorption at Constantinople of an unfair
proportion of the revenue； and our government was not in a position to
risk a reduction of income by such an important change in the system of
taxation。 The Cypriotes have nevertheless derived a collateral advantage
from the change of rulers； as the extreme grievances to which the
consular reports allude were aggravated by the farmers of taxes； who no
longer exist。 These people were extortioners of the worst description；
and the bribes and extra payments extracted from the vine…growers are
represented in the gross sum mentioned