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The Soul of the Far East
by Percival Lowell
Contents
Chapter 1。 Individuality
Chapter 2。 Family
Chapter 3。 Adoption
Chapter 4。 Language
Chapter 5。 Nature and Art
Chapter 6。 Art
Chapter 7。 Religion
Chapter 8。 Imagination
Chapter 1。 Individuality。
The boyish belief that on the other side of our globe all things are of necessity upside down is startlingly brought back to the man when he first sets foot at Yokohama。 If his initial glance does not； to be sure； disclose the natives in the every…day feat of standing calmly on their heads； an attitude which his youthful imagination conceived to be a necessary consequence of their geographical position； it does at least reveal them looking at the world as if from the standpoint of that eccentric posture。 For they seem to him to see everything topsy…turvy。 Whether it be that their antipodal situation has affected their brains； or whether it is the mind of the observer himself that has hitherto been wrong in undertaking to rectify the inverted pictures presented by his retina； the result； at all events； is undeniable。 The world stands reversed； and； taking for granted his own uprightness； the stranger unhesitatingly imputes to them an obliquity of vision； a state of mind outwardly typified by the cat…like obliqueness of their eyes。
If the inversion be not precisely of the kind he expected； it is none the less striking； and impressibly more real。 If personal experience has definitely convinced him that the inhabitants of that under side of our planet do not adhere to it head downwards； like flies on a ceiling；his early a priori deduction；they still appear quite as antipodal； mentally considered。 Intellectually； at least； their attitude sets gravity at defiance。 For to the mind's eye their world is one huge； comical antithesis of our own。 What we regard intuitively in one way from our standpoint； they as intuitively observe in a diametrically opposite manner from theirs。 To speak backwards； write backwards； read backwards； is but the a b c of their contrariety。 The inversion extends deeper than mere modes of expression； down into the very matter of thought。 Ideas of ours which we deemed innate find in them no home； while methods which strike us as preposterously unnatural appear to be their birthright。 From the standing of a wet umbrella on its handle instead of its head to dry to the striking of a match away in place of toward one； there seems to be no action of our daily lives； however trivial； but finds with them its appropriate reactionequal but opposite。 Indeed； to one anxious of conforming to the manners and customs of the country； the only road to right lies in following unswervingly that course which his inherited instincts assure him to be wrong。
Yet these people are human beings； with all their eccentricities they are men。 Physically we cannot but be cognizant of the fact； nor mentally but be conscious of it。 Like us； indeed； and yet so unlike are they that we seem； as we gaze at them； to be viewing our own humanity in some mirth…provoking mirror of the mind；a mirror that shows us our own familiar thoughts； but all turned wrong side out。 Humor holds the glass； and we become the sport of our own reflections。 But is it otherwise at home？ Do not our personal presentments mock each of us individually our lives long？ Who but is the daily dupe of his dressing…glass； and complacently conceives himself to be a very different appearing person from what he is； forgetting that his right side has become his left； and vice versa？ Yet who； when by chance he catches sight in like manner of the face of a friend； can keep from smiling at the caricatures which the mirror's left…for…right reversal makes of the asymmetry of that friend's features；caricatures all the more grotesque for being utterly unsuspected by their innocent original？ Perhaps； could we once see ourselves as others see us； our surprise in the case of foreign peoples might be less pronounced。
Regarding； then； the Far Oriental as a man； and not simply as a phenomenon； we discover in his peculiar point of view a new importance；the possibility of using it stereoptically。 For his mind…photograph of the world can be placed side by side with ours； and the two pictures combined will yield results beyond what either alone could possibly have afforded。 Thus harmonized； they will help us to realize humanity。 Indeed it is only by such a combination of two different aspects that we ever perceive substance and distinguish reality from illusion。 What our two eyes make possible for material objects； the earth's two hemispheres may enable us to do for mental traits。 Only the superficial never changes its expression； the appearance of the solid varies with the standpoint of the observer。 In dreamland alone does everything seem plain； and there all is unsubstantial。
To say that the Japanese are not a savage tribe is of course unnecessary； to repeat the remark； anything but superfluous； on the principle that what is a matter of common notoriety is very apt to prove a matter about which uncommonly little is known。 At present we go halfway in recognition of these people by bestowing upon them a demi…diploma of mental development called semi…civilization； neglecting； however； to specify in what the fractional qualification consists。 If the suggestion of a second moiety； as of something directly complementary to them； were not indirectly complimentary to ourselves； the expression might pass； but； as it is； the self…praise is rather too obvious to carry conviction。 For Japan's claim to culture is not based solely upon the exports with which she supplements our art； nor upon the paper； china； and bric…a…brac with which she adorns our rooms； any more than Western science is adequately represented in Japan by our popular imports there of kerosene oil； matches； and beer。 Only half civilized the Far East presumably is； but it is so rather in an absolute than a relative sense； in the sense of what might have been； not of what is。 It is so as compared； not with us； but with the eventual possibilities of humanity。 As yet； neither system； Western nor Eastern； is perfect enough to serve in all things as standard for the other。 The light of truth has reached each hemisphere through the medium of its own mental crystallization； and this has polarized it in opposite ways； so that now the rays that are normal to the eyes of the one only produce darkness to those of the other。 For the Japanese civilization in the sense of not being savagery is the equal of our own。 It is not in the polish that the real difference lies； it is in the substance polished。 In politeness； in delicacy； they have as a people no peers。 Art has been their mistress； though science has never been their master。 Perhaps for this very reason that art； not science； has been the Muse they courted； the result has been all the more widespread。 For culture there is not the attainment of the few； but the common property of the people。 If the peaks of intellect rise less eminent； the plateau of general elevation stands higher。 But little need be said to prove the civilization of a land where ordinary tea…house girls are models of refinement； and common coolies； when not at work； play chess for pastime。
If Japanese ways look odd at first sight； they but look more odd on closer acquaintance。 In a land where； to allow one's understanding the freer play of indoor life； one begins； not by taking off his hat； but by removing his boots； he gets at the very threshold a hint that humanity is to be approached the wrong end to。 When； after thus entering a house； he tries next to gain admittance to the mind of its occupant； the suspicion becomes a certainty。 He discovers that this people talk； so to speak； backwards； that before he can hope to comprehend them； or make himself understood in return； he must learn to present his thoughts arranged in inverse order from the one in which they naturally suggest themselves to his mind。 His sentences must all be turned inside out。 He finds himself lost in a labyrinth of language。 The same seems to be true of the thoughts it embodies。 The further he goes the more obscure the whole process becomes； until； after long groping about for some means of orienting himself； he lights at last upon the clue。 This clue consists in 〃the survival of the unfittest。〃
In the civilization of Japan we have presented to us a most interesting case of partially arrested development； or； to speak esoterically； we find ourselves placed face to face with a singular example of a completed race…life。 For though from our standpoint the evolution of these people seems suddenly to have come to an end in mid…career； looked at more intimately it shows all the signs of having fully run its course。 Development ceased； not because of outward obstruction； but from purely intrinsic inability to go on。 The intellectual machine was not shattered； it simply ran down。 To this fact the phenomenon owes its peculiar interest。 For we behold here in the case of man the same spectacle that we see cosmically in the case of the moon； the spectacle of a world that has died of old age。 No weak spot in their social organism dest