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the science of right-第10章

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entering into civil union with us; we are to be considered entitled in

any case to proceed with force in the intention of founding such a

union; and bringing into a juridical state such men as the savage

American Indians; the Hottentots;and the New Hollanders; or… and the

case is not much better… whether we may establish colonies by

deceptive purchase; and so become owners of their soil; and; in

general; without regard to their first possession; make use at will of

our superiority in relation to them? Further; may it not be held

that Nature herself; as abhorring a vacuum; seems to demand such a

procedure; and that large regions in other continents; that are now

magnificently peopled; would otherwise have remained unpossessed by

civilized inhabitants and might have for ever remained thus; so that

the end of creation would have so far been frustrated? It is almost

unnecessary to answer; for it is easy to see through all this flimsy

veil of injustice; which just amounts to the Jesuitism of making a

good end justify any means。 This mode of acquiring the soil is;

therefore; to be repudiated。

  The indefiniteness of external acquirable objects in respect of

their quantity; as well as their quality; makes the problem of the

sole primary external acquisition of them one of the most difficult to

solve。 There must; however; be some one first acquisition of an

external object; for every Acquisition cannot be derivative。 Hence;

the problem is not to be given up as insoluble or in itself as

impossible。 If it is solved by reference to the original contract;

unless this contract is extended so as to include the whole human

race; acquisition under it would still remain but provisional。



         16。 Exposition of the Conception of a Primary

                  Acquisition of the Soil。



  All men are originally in a common collective possession of the soil

of the whole earth (communio fundi originaria); and they have

naturally each a will to use it (lex justi)。 But on account of the

opposition of the free will of one to that of the other in the

sphere of action; which is inevitable by nature; all use of the soil

would be prevented did not every will contain at the same time a law

for the regulation of the relation of all wills in action; according

to which a particular possession can be determined to every one upon

the common soil。 This is the juridical law (lex juridica)。 But the

distributive law of the mine and thine; as applicable to each

individual on the soil; according to the axiom of external freedom;

cannot proceed otherwise than from a primarily united will a priori…

which does not presuppose any juridical act as requisite for this

union。 This Law can only take form in the civil state (lex justitiae

distributivae); as it is in this state alone that the united common

will determines what is right; what is rightful; and what is the

constitution of Right。 In reference to this state; however… and

prior to its establishment and in view of it… it is provisorily a duty

for every one to proceed according to the law of external acquisition;

and accordingly it is a juridical procedure on the part of the will to

lay every one under obligation to recognise the act of possessing

and appropriating; although it be only unilaterally。 Hence a provisory

acquisition of the soil; with all its juridical consequences; is

possible in the state of nature。

  Such an acquisition; however; requires and also obtains the favour

of a permissive law (lex permissiva); in respect of the

determination of the limits of juridically possible possession。 For it

precedes the juridical state; and as merely introductory to it is

not yet peremptory; and this favour does not extend farther than the

date of the consent of the other co…operators in the establishment

of the civil state。 But if they are opposed to entering into the civil

state; as long as this opposition lasts it carries all the effect of a

guaranteed juridical acquisition with it; because the advance from the

state of nature to the civil state is founded upon a duty。



           17。 Deduction of the Conception of the Original

                      Primary Acquisition。



  We have found the title of acquisition in a universal original

community of the soil; under the conditions of an external acquisition

in space; and the mode of acquisition is contained in the empirical

fact of taking possession (apprehensio); conjoined with the will to

have an external object as one's own。 It is further necessary to

unfold; from the principles of the pure juridically practical reason

involved in the conception; the juridical acquisition proper of an

object… that is; the external mine and thine that follows from the two

previous conditions; as rational possession (possessio noumenon)。

  The juridical conception of the external mine and thine; so far as

it involves the category of substance; cannot by 〃that which is

external to me〃 mean merely 〃in a place other than that in which I

am〃; for it is a rational conception。 As under the conceptions of

the reason only intellectual conceptions can be embraced; the

expression in question can only signify 〃something that is different

and distinct from me〃 according to the idea of a non…empirical

possession through; as it were; a continuous activity in taking

possession of an external object; and it involves only the notion of

having something in my power; which indicates the connection of an

object with myself; as a subjective condition of the possibility of

making use of it。 This forms a purely intellectual conception of the

understanding。 Now we can leave out or abstract from the sensible

conditions of possession; as relations of a person to objects which

have no obligation。 This process of elimination just gives the

rational relation of a person to persons; and it is such that he can

bind them all by an obligation in reference to the use of things

through his act of will; so far as it is conformable to the axiom of

freedom; the postulate of right; and the universal legislation of

the common will; conceived as united a priori。 This is therefore the

rational intelligible possession of things as by pure right;

although they are objects of sense。



  It is evident that the first modification; limitation; or

transformation generally; of a portion of the soil cannot of itself

furnish a title to its acquisition; since possession of an accident

does not form a ground for legal possession of the substance。

Rather; conversely; the inference as to the mine and thine must be

drawn from ownership of the substance according to the rule:

Accessarium sequitur suum principale。 Hence one who has spent labour

on a piece of ground that was not already his own; has lost his effort

and work to the former owner。 This position is so evident of itself

that the old opinion to the opposite effect; that is still spread

far and wide; can hardly be ascribed to any other than the

prevailing illusion which unconsciously leads to the personification

of things; and; then; as if they could be bound under an obligation by

the labour bestowed upon them to be at the service of the person who

does the labour; to regard them as his by immediate right。 Otherwise

it is probable that the natural question… already discussed… would not

have been passed over with so light a tread; namely: 〃How is a right

in a thing possible?〃 For; right as against every possible possessor

of a thing means only the claim of a particular will to the use of

an object so far as it may be included in the all…comprehending

universal will; and can be thought as in harmony with its law。

  As regards bodies situated upon a piece of ground which is already

mine; if they otherwise belong to no other person; they belong to me

without my requiring any particular juridical act for the purpose of

this acquisition; they are mine not facto; but lege。 For they may be

regarded as accidents inhering in the substance of the soil; and

they are thus mine jure rei meae。 To this category also belongs

everything which is so connected with anything of mine that it

cannot be separated from what is mine without altering it

substantially。 Examples of this are gilding on an object; mixture of a

material belonging to me with other things; alluvial deposit; or

even alteration of the adjoining bed of a stream or river in my favour

so as to produce an increase of my land; etc。 By the same

principles; the question must also be decided as to whether the

acquirable soil may extend farther than the existing land; so as

even to include part of the bed of the sea; with the right to fish

on my own shores; to gather amber and such like。 So far as I have

the mechanical capability from my own site; as the place I occupy;

to secure my soil from the attack of others… and; therefore; as far as

cannon can carry from the shore… all is included in my possession; and

the sea is thus far closed (mare c
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