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for 'rentes viagères；' etc。〃
＇21＇ De Ségur； I。； 174
＇22＇ Cf。 the 〃Mémoires〃 of Marshal Marmont； I。； 15； for the ordinary
sentiments of the young nobility。 〃In 1792 I had a sentiment for the
person of the king； difficult to define； of which I recovered the
trace； and to some extent the power； twenty…two years later； a
sentiment of devotion almost religious in character； an innate respect
as if due to a being of a superior order。 The word King then
possessed a magic； a force； which nothing had changed in pure and
honest breasts。 。 。 。 This religion of royalty still existed in
the mass of the nation；； and especially amongst the well…born； who；
sufficiently remote from power； were rather struck with its brilliancy
than with its imperfections。 。 。 。 This love became a sort of
worship。〃
＇23＇ Bourrienne； 〃Mémoires；' I。 27。 … Ségur； I。 445。 In 1795； at
Paris； Bonaparte； being out of military employment； enters upon
several commercial speculations； amongst which is a bookstore； which
does not succeed。 （Stated by Sebastiani and many others。）
＇24＇ 〃Mémorial；〃 Aug。 3； 1816。
＇25＇ Bourrienne； I。； 171。 （Original text of the 〃Souper de
Beaucaire。〃）
＇26＇ Yung； II。； 430； 431。 （Words of Charlotte Robespierre。） Bonaparte
as a souvenir of his acquaintance with her； granted her a pension；
under the consulate； of 3600 francs。 … Ibid。 （Letter of Tilly；
chargé d'affaires at Genoa； to Buchot； commissioner of foreign
affairs。） Cf。 in the 〃Mémorial；〃 Napoleon's favorable judgment of
Robespierre。
＇27＇ Yung； II。； 455。 （Letter from Bonaparte to Tilly； Aug。 7；
1794。） Ibid。； III。； 120。 （Memoirs of Lucien。） 〃Barras takes care of
Josephine's dowry； which is the command of the army in Italy。〃 Ibid。；
II。； 477。 （Grading of general officers； notes by Schérer on
Bonaparte。） 〃He knows all about artillery； but is rather too
ambitious； and too intriguing for promotion。〃
＇28＇ De Ségur； I。； 162。 … La Fayette； 〃Mémoires；〃 II。； 215。
〃Mémorial〃 （note dictated by Napoleon）。 He states the reasons for and
against； and adds； speaking of himself： 〃These sentiments； twenty…five
years of age； confidence in his strength； his destiny； determined
him。〃 Bourrienne； I。； 51： 〃 It is certain that he has always bemoaned
that day； he has often said to me that he would give years of his life
to efface that page of his history。〃
＇29＇ 〃Mémorial；〃 I。； Sept 6； 1815。 〃 It is only after Lodi that the
idea came to me that I might； after all； become a decisive actor on
our political stage。 Then the first spark of lofty ambition gleamed
out。〃 On his aim and conduct in the Italian campaign of Sybel；
〃Histoire de l'Europe pendant la Révolution Fran？aise〃 （Dosquet
translation）； vol。 IV。； books II。 and III。； especially pp。182； 199；
334； 335； 406； 420； 475； 489。
＇30＇ Yung； III。； 213。 （Letter of M。 de Sucy； August 4； 1797。）
＇31＇ Ibid。； III。； 214。 （Report of d'Entraigues to M。 de Mowikinoff；
Sept。； 1797。） 〃If there was any king in France which was not himself；
he would like to have been his creator； with his rights at the end of
his sword； this sword never to be parted with； so that he might plunge
it in the king's bosom if he ever ceased to be submissive to him。〃 …
Miot de Melito； I。； 154。 （Bonaparte to Montebello； before Miot and
Melzi； June； 1797。） Ibid； I。； 184。 （Bonaparte to Miot； Nov。 18；
1797； at Turin。）
＇32＇ D'Haussonville； 〃L'église Romaine et la Premier Empire；〃 I。； 405。
（Words of M。 Cacault； signer of the Treaty of Tolentino； and French
Secretary of Legation at Rome； at the commencement of negotiations for
the Concordat。） M。 Cacaut says that he used this expression； 〃After
the scenes of Tolentino and of Leghorn； and the fright of Manfredini；
and Matéi threatened； and so many other vivacities。〃
＇33＇ Madame de Sta？l； 〃Considérations sur la Révolution Fran？aise；〃
3rd part； ch。 XXVI。； and 4th part； ch。 XVIII。
＇34＇ Portrait of Bonaparte in the 〃Cabinet des Etampes；〃 〃drawn by
Guérin； engraved by Fiesinger； deposited in the National Library；
Vendémiaire 29； year VII。〃
＇35＇ Madame de Rémusat； 〃Mémoires；〃 I。； 104。 … Miot de Melito； I。；
84。
＇36＇ Madame de Sta？l； 〃Considerations；〃 etc。； 3rd part； ch。 XXV。 …
Madame de Rémusat； II。； 77。
＇37＇ Stendhal； 〃Mémoires sur Napoléon；〃 narration of Admiral Decrès。
… Same narration in the 〃Mémorial。〃
＇38＇ De Ségur； I。； 193。
＇39＇ Roederer； 〃Oeuvres complétes；〃 II。； 560。 （Conversations with
General Lasalle in 1809； and Lasalle's judgment on the débuts of
Napoleon）。
＇40＇ Another instance of this commanding influence is found in the
case of General Vandamme； an old revolutionary soldier still more
brutal and energetic than Augereau。 In 1815； Vandamme said to Marshal
d'Ornano； one day； on ascending the staircase of the Tuileries
together： 〃My dear fellow； that devil of a man （speaking of the
Emperor） fascinates me in a way I cannot account for。 I； who don't
fear either God or the devil； when I approach him I tremble like a
child。 He would make me dash through the eye of a needle into the
fire！〃 （〃Le Général Vandamme；〃 by du Casse； II。； 385）。
＇41＇ Roederer； III。； 356。 （Napoleon himself says； February 11； 1809）：
〃I； military！ I am so； because I was born so； it is my habit； my very
existence。 Wherever I have been I have always had command。 I
commanded at twenty…three； at the siege of Toulon； I commanded at
Paris in Vendémiaire； I won over the soldiers in Italy the moment I
presented myself。 I was born for that。〃
＇42＇ Observe the various features of the same mental and moral
structure among different members of the family。 （Speaking of his
brothers and sisters in the 〃Memorial〃 Napoleon says）： 〃What family as
numerous presents such a splendid group？〃 … 〃Souvenirs〃； by PASQUIER
（Etienne…Dennis； duc）； chancelier de France。 in VI volumes； Librarie
Plon； Paris 1893。 Vol。 I。 p。 400。 （This author； a young magistrate
under Louis XVI。； a high functionary under the Empire； an important
political personage under the restoration and the July monarchy； is
probably the best informed and most judicious of eye…witnesses during
the first half of our century。）： 〃Their vices and virtues surpass
ordinary proportions and have a physiognomy of their own。 But what
especially distinguishes them is a stubborn will； and inflexible
resolution。 。 。 。 All possessed the instinct of their greatness。〃
They readily accepted 〃the highest positions； they even got to
believing that their elevation was inevitable。 。 。 。 Nothing in
the incredible good fortune of Joseph astonished him； often in
January； 1814； I heard him say over and over again that if his brother
had not meddled with his affairs after the second entry into Madrid；
he would still be on the throne of Spain。 As to determined obstinacy
we have only to refer to the resignation of Louis； the retirement of
Lucien； and the resistances of Fesch； they alone could stem the will
of Napoleon and sometimes break a lance with him。 …Passion；
sensuality； the habit of considering themselves outside of rules； and
self…confidence combined with talent； super abound among the women； as
in the fifteenth century。 Elisa； in Tuscany； had a vigorous brain；
was high spirited and a genuine sovereign； notwithstanding the
disorders of her private life； in which even appearances were not
sufficiently maintained。〃 Caroline at Naples； 〃without being more
scrupulous than her sisters；〃 better observed the proprieties； none of
the others so much resembled the Emperor； 〃with her； all tastes
succumbed to ambition〃； it was she who advised and prevailed upon her
husband； Murat； to desert Napoleon in 1814。 As to Pauline； the most
beautiful woman of her epoch； 〃no wife； since that of the Emperor
Claude； surpassed her in the use she dared make of her charms； nothing
could stop her； not even a malady attributed to the strain of this
life…style and for which we have so often seen her borne in a litter。〃
… Jerome； 〃 in spite of the uncommon boldness of his debaucheries；
maintained his ascendancy over his wife to the last。〃 … On the
〃pressing efforts and attempts〃 of Joseph on Maria Louise in 1814；
Chancelier Pasquier； after Savary's papers and the evidence of M。 de
Saint…Aignan； gives extraordinary details。 … 〃Mes souvenirs sur
Napoléon； 346； by the count Chaptal： 〃Every member of this numerous
family （Jér？me； Louis； Joseph； the Bonaparte sisters） mounted thrones
as if they had recovered so much property。〃
＇43＇ Burkhardt； 〃Die Renaissance in Italien；〃 passim。 … Stendhal；
〃Histoire de la peinture en Italie〃（introduction）； and〃 Rome； Naples；
et Florence；〃 passim。 … 〃 Notes par le Comte Chaptal〃： When these
notes are published； many details will be found in them in support of
the judgment expressed in this and the following chapters。 The
psychology of Napoleon as here given is largely con