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the origins of contemporary france-5-第45章

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this date: 〃In France everything is based on the will of the king。

Nobody; whatever might be his conscientious scruples; would dare

express an opinion opposed to his。 The French respect their king to

such an extent that they would not only sacrifice their property for

him; but again their souls。〃 (Janssen; 〃L'Allemagne à la fin du moyen

age。 I。 484。) … As to the passage of the monarchical to the democratic

idea; we see it plainly in the following quotations from Restif de la

Bretonne: 〃I entertained no doubt that the king could legally oblige

any man to give me his wife or his daughter; and everybody in my

village (Sacy in Burgundy) thought so too。〃 (〃Monsieur Nicolas;〃 I。;

443。) … In relation to the September massacres: 〃No; I do not pity

them; those fanatical priests。 。 。 When a community or its majority

wants anything; it is right。 The minority is always culpable; even

when right morally。 Common sense is that is needed to appreciate that

truth。 It is indisputable that the nation has the power to sacrifice

even an innocent person。〃 (〃Nuits de Paris;〃 XVth; p。377。)



'19' 〃The Revolution;〃 III。; 393。 (Laff。 II。 p。 291)



'20' 〃Contrat Social;〃 book 1st; ch。 III。: 〃It is accordingly

essential that; for the enunciation of the general will; no special

organization should exist in the State; and that the opinion of each

citizen should accord with that。 Such was the unique and sublime law

of the great Lycurgus。〃



'21' 〃The Revolution;〃 I。; 170。 (Laff。 I。 433。)



'22' Ibid。; II。; 93; III。; 78…82。 (Laff。 I。 p。 632 and II。 pp。 65…68。)



'23' 〃Correspondance de Mirabeau et du Comte de la Marck;〃II。; 74

(Letter of Mirabeau to the King; July 3; 1790): 〃Compare the new state

of things with the ancient régime。 。 。 。 One portion of the acts of

the national assembly (and that the largest) is evidently favorable to

monarchical government。 Is it to have nothing; then; to have no

parliaments; no provincial governments; no privileged classes; no

clerical bodies; no nobility? The idea of forming one body of citizens

would have pleased Richelieu: this equalized surface facilitates the

exercise of power。 Many years of absolute rule could not have done so

much for royal authority as this one year of revolution。〃 … Sainte…

Beuve; 〃Port…Royal;〃 V。; 25 (M。 Harlay conversing with the supérieure

of Port…Royal): 〃People are constantly talking about Port…Royal; about

these Port…Royal gentlemen: the King dislikes whatever excites talk。

Only lately he caused M。 Arnaud to be informed that he did not approve

of the meetings at his house; that there is no objection to his seeing

all sorts of people indifferently like everybody else; but why should

certain persons always be found in his rooms and such an intimate

association among these gentlemen? 。 。 。 The King does not want any

rallying point; a headless assemblage in a State is always

dangerous。〃… Ibid。; p。33: 〃The reputation of this establishment was

too great。 People were anxious to put their children in it。 Persons of

rank sent theirs there。 Everybody expressed satisfaction with it。 This

provided it with friends who joined those of the establishment and who

together formed a platoon against the State。 The King would not

consent to this: he regarded such unions as dangerous in a State。〃



'24' 〃Napoleon Ire et ses lois civiles;〃 by Honoré Pérouse; 280: Words

of Napoleon: 〃I have for a long time given a great deal of thought and

calculation to the re…establishment of the social edifice。 I am to…day

obliged to watch over the maintenance of public liberty。 I have no

idea of the French people becoming serfs。〃 …〃The prefects are wrong in

straining their authority。〃 … 〃The repose and freedom of citizens

should not depend on the exaggeration or arbitrariness of a mere

administrator。〃 … 〃Let authority be felt by the people as little as

possible and not bear down on them needlessly。〃 … (Letters of January

15; 1806; March 6; 1807; January 12; 1809; to Fouché; and of March 6;

1807; to Regnault。) …Thibaudeau; 〃Mémoires sur le Consulat;〃 P。 178

(Words of the first consul before the council of state):  〃True civil

liberty depends on the security of property。 In no country can the

rate of the tax…payer be changed every year。 A man with 3000 francs

income does not know how much he will have left to live on the

following year; his entire income may be absorbed by the assessment on

it。 。 。 A mere clerk; with a dash of his pen; may overcharge you

thousands of francs。。。 Nothing has ever been done in France in behalf

of real estate。 Whoever has a good law passed on the cadastre

(official valuation of all the land in France) will deserve a statue。〃



'25' Honoré Pérouse; Ibid; 274 (Speech of Napoleon to the council of

state on the law on mines):〃 〃Myself; with many armies at my

disposition; I could not take possession of any one's field; for the

violation of the right of property in one case would be violating it

in all。 The secret is to have mines become actual property; and hence

sacred in fact and by law。〃 … Ibid。; 279:〃 〃What is the right of

property? It is not only the right of using but; again; of abusing it。

。 。 。 One must always keep in mind the advantage of owning property。

The best protection to the owner of property is the interest of the

individual; one may always rely on his activity。 。 。 。 A government

makes a great mistake in trying to be too paternal; liberty and

property are both ruined by over…solicitude。〃 …〃If the government

prescribes the way in which property shall be used it no longer

exists。〃。 … Ibid。; 284 (Letters of Aug。21 and Sept。 7; 1809; on

expropriations by public authority): 〃It is indispensable that the

courts should supervise; stop expropriation; receive complaints of and

guarantee property…owners against the enterprises of our prefects; our

prefecture councils and all other agents。 。 。 。 Expropriation is a

judicial proceeding。。 。 。 I cannot conceive how France can have

proprietors if anybody can be deprived of his field simply by an

administrative decision。〃 … In relation to the ownership of mines; to

the cadastre; to expropriation; and to the portion of property which a

man might bequeath; Napoleon was more liberal than his jurists。 Madame

de Sta?l; 〃Dix années d'exil;〃 ch。 XVIII。 (Napoleon conversing with

the tribune Gallois): 〃Liberty consists of a good civil code; while

modern nations care for nothing but property。〃  … 〃Correspondance;〃

letter to Fouché; Jan。 15; 1805。 (This letter gives a good summary of

his ideas on government。) 〃In France; whatever is not forbidden is

allowed; and nothing can be forbidden except by the laws; by the

courts; or police measures in all matters relating to public order and

morality。〃



'26' Roederer; 〃?uvres complètes;〃 III。; 339 (Speech by the First

Consul; October 21; 1800): 〃Rank; now; is a recompense for every

faithful service … the great advantage of equality; which has

converted 20;000 lieutenancies; formerly useless in relation to

emulation; into the legitimate ambition and honorable reward of

400;000 soldiers。〃 … Lafayette; 〃Mémoires;〃 V。; 350: 〃Under Napoleon;

the soldiers said; he has been promoted King of Naples; of Holland; of

Sweden; or of Spain; as formerly it was said that a than had been

promoted sergeant in this or that company。〃



'27' 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 book I。; ch 。2; the Structure of Society;

especially pp。19…21。 (Laff。 I。 p。 21…22)



'28' Mémorial de Sainte…Hélène〃 … Napoleon; speaking of his imperial

organization; said that he had made the most compact government; one

with the quickest circulation and the most nervous energy; that ever

existed。 And; he remarked; nothing but this would have answered in

overcoming the immense difficulties around us; and for effecting the

wonderful things we accomplished。 The organization of prefectures;

their action; their results; were admirable and prodigious。 The same

impulsion affected at the same time more than forty millions of men;

and; aided by centers of local activity; the action was as rapid at

every extremity as at the heart。〃



'29' 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 book III。; chs。 2 and 3。 (Laff。 I; pp。 139

to 151 and pp。 153 to 172。)



'30' Gibbon; 〃Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire;〃 chs。 I; 2; 3; and

13。 … Duruy; Histoire des Romains〃 (illustrated edition); tenth

period; chs。 82; 83; 84; and 85; twelfth period; chs。 95 and 99;

fourteenth period; ch。 104。 … (The reader will find in these two

excellent works the texts and monuments indicated to which it is

necessary to resort for a direct and satisfactory impression。)



'31' See in Plutarch (Principles of Political Government) the

situation of a Greek city under the Antonines。



'32' Gibbon; ch。 10。 … Duruy; ch。 95。 (Decrease of the population of

Alexandria under Gallien; according to the registers of the alimentary

institution; letter of the bishop Dionysius。)



'33' 〃Digest;〃 I。; 4; I。: 〃Quod principi placuit le
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