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this date： 〃In France everything is based on the will of the king。
Nobody； whatever might be his conscientious scruples； would dare
express an opinion opposed to his。 The French respect their king to
such an extent that they would not only sacrifice their property for
him； but again their souls。〃 （Janssen； 〃L'Allemagne à la fin du moyen
age。 I。 484。） … As to the passage of the monarchical to the democratic
idea； we see it plainly in the following quotations from Restif de la
Bretonne： 〃I entertained no doubt that the king could legally oblige
any man to give me his wife or his daughter； and everybody in my
village （Sacy in Burgundy） thought so too。〃 （〃Monsieur Nicolas；〃 I。；
443。） … In relation to the September massacres： 〃No； I do not pity
them； those fanatical priests。 。 。 When a community or its majority
wants anything； it is right。 The minority is always culpable； even
when right morally。 Common sense is that is needed to appreciate that
truth。 It is indisputable that the nation has the power to sacrifice
even an innocent person。〃 （〃Nuits de Paris；〃 XVth； p。377。）
＇19＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 III。； 393。 （Laff。 II。 p。 291）
＇20＇ 〃Contrat Social；〃 book 1st； ch。 III。： 〃It is accordingly
essential that； for the enunciation of the general will； no special
organization should exist in the State； and that the opinion of each
citizen should accord with that。 Such was the unique and sublime law
of the great Lycurgus。〃
＇21＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 I。； 170。 （Laff。 I。 433。）
＇22＇ Ibid。； II。； 93； III。； 78…82。 （Laff。 I。 p。 632 and II。 pp。 65…68。）
＇23＇ 〃Correspondance de Mirabeau et du Comte de la Marck；〃II。； 74
（Letter of Mirabeau to the King； July 3； 1790）： 〃Compare the new state
of things with the ancient régime。 。 。 。 One portion of the acts of
the national assembly （and that the largest） is evidently favorable to
monarchical government。 Is it to have nothing； then； to have no
parliaments； no provincial governments； no privileged classes； no
clerical bodies； no nobility？ The idea of forming one body of citizens
would have pleased Richelieu： this equalized surface facilitates the
exercise of power。 Many years of absolute rule could not have done so
much for royal authority as this one year of revolution。〃 … Sainte…
Beuve； 〃Port…Royal；〃 V。； 25 （M。 Harlay conversing with the supérieure
of Port…Royal）： 〃People are constantly talking about Port…Royal； about
these Port…Royal gentlemen： the King dislikes whatever excites talk。
Only lately he caused M。 Arnaud to be informed that he did not approve
of the meetings at his house； that there is no objection to his seeing
all sorts of people indifferently like everybody else； but why should
certain persons always be found in his rooms and such an intimate
association among these gentlemen？ 。 。 。 The King does not want any
rallying point； a headless assemblage in a State is always
dangerous。〃… Ibid。； p。33： 〃The reputation of this establishment was
too great。 People were anxious to put their children in it。 Persons of
rank sent theirs there。 Everybody expressed satisfaction with it。 This
provided it with friends who joined those of the establishment and who
together formed a platoon against the State。 The King would not
consent to this： he regarded such unions as dangerous in a State。〃
＇24＇ 〃Napoleon Ire et ses lois civiles；〃 by Honoré Pérouse； 280： Words
of Napoleon： 〃I have for a long time given a great deal of thought and
calculation to the re…establishment of the social edifice。 I am to…day
obliged to watch over the maintenance of public liberty。 I have no
idea of the French people becoming serfs。〃 …〃The prefects are wrong in
straining their authority。〃 … 〃The repose and freedom of citizens
should not depend on the exaggeration or arbitrariness of a mere
administrator。〃 … 〃Let authority be felt by the people as little as
possible and not bear down on them needlessly。〃 … （Letters of January
15； 1806； March 6； 1807； January 12； 1809； to Fouché； and of March 6；
1807； to Regnault。） …Thibaudeau； 〃Mémoires sur le Consulat；〃 P。 178
（Words of the first consul before the council of state）： 〃True civil
liberty depends on the security of property。 In no country can the
rate of the tax…payer be changed every year。 A man with 3000 francs
income does not know how much he will have left to live on the
following year； his entire income may be absorbed by the assessment on
it。 。 。 A mere clerk； with a dash of his pen； may overcharge you
thousands of francs。。。 Nothing has ever been done in France in behalf
of real estate。 Whoever has a good law passed on the cadastre
（official valuation of all the land in France） will deserve a statue。〃
＇25＇ Honoré Pérouse； Ibid； 274 （Speech of Napoleon to the council of
state on the law on mines）：〃 〃Myself； with many armies at my
disposition； I could not take possession of any one's field； for the
violation of the right of property in one case would be violating it
in all。 The secret is to have mines become actual property； and hence
sacred in fact and by law。〃 … Ibid。； 279：〃 〃What is the right of
property？ It is not only the right of using but； again； of abusing it。
。 。 。 One must always keep in mind the advantage of owning property。
The best protection to the owner of property is the interest of the
individual； one may always rely on his activity。 。 。 。 A government
makes a great mistake in trying to be too paternal； liberty and
property are both ruined by over…solicitude。〃 …〃If the government
prescribes the way in which property shall be used it no longer
exists。〃。 … Ibid。； 284 （Letters of Aug。21 and Sept。 7； 1809； on
expropriations by public authority）： 〃It is indispensable that the
courts should supervise； stop expropriation； receive complaints of and
guarantee property…owners against the enterprises of our prefects； our
prefecture councils and all other agents。 。 。 。 Expropriation is a
judicial proceeding。。 。 。 I cannot conceive how France can have
proprietors if anybody can be deprived of his field simply by an
administrative decision。〃 … In relation to the ownership of mines； to
the cadastre； to expropriation； and to the portion of property which a
man might bequeath； Napoleon was more liberal than his jurists。 Madame
de Sta？l； 〃Dix années d'exil；〃 ch。 XVIII。 （Napoleon conversing with
the tribune Gallois）： 〃Liberty consists of a good civil code； while
modern nations care for nothing but property。〃 … 〃Correspondance；〃
letter to Fouché； Jan。 15； 1805。 （This letter gives a good summary of
his ideas on government。） 〃In France； whatever is not forbidden is
allowed； and nothing can be forbidden except by the laws； by the
courts； or police measures in all matters relating to public order and
morality。〃
＇26＇ Roederer； 〃？uvres complètes；〃 III。； 339 （Speech by the First
Consul； October 21； 1800）： 〃Rank； now； is a recompense for every
faithful service … the great advantage of equality； which has
converted 20；000 lieutenancies； formerly useless in relation to
emulation； into the legitimate ambition and honorable reward of
400；000 soldiers。〃 … Lafayette； 〃Mémoires；〃 V。； 350： 〃Under Napoleon；
the soldiers said； he has been promoted King of Naples； of Holland； of
Sweden； or of Spain； as formerly it was said that a than had been
promoted sergeant in this or that company。〃
＇27＇ 〃The Ancient Régime；〃 book I。； ch 。2； the Structure of Society；
especially pp。19…21。 （Laff。 I。 p。 21…22）
＇28＇ Mémorial de Sainte…Hélène〃 … Napoleon； speaking of his imperial
organization； said that he had made the most compact government； one
with the quickest circulation and the most nervous energy； that ever
existed。 And； he remarked； nothing but this would have answered in
overcoming the immense difficulties around us； and for effecting the
wonderful things we accomplished。 The organization of prefectures；
their action； their results； were admirable and prodigious。 The same
impulsion affected at the same time more than forty millions of men；
and； aided by centers of local activity； the action was as rapid at
every extremity as at the heart。〃
＇29＇ 〃The Ancient Régime；〃 book III。； chs。 2 and 3。 （Laff。 I； pp。 139
to 151 and pp。 153 to 172。）
＇30＇ Gibbon； 〃Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire；〃 chs。 I； 2； 3； and
13。 … Duruy； Histoire des Romains〃 （illustrated edition）； tenth
period； chs。 82； 83； 84； and 85； twelfth period； chs。 95 and 99；
fourteenth period； ch。 104。 … （The reader will find in these two
excellent works the texts and monuments indicated to which it is
necessary to resort for a direct and satisfactory impression。）
＇31＇ See in Plutarch （Principles of Political Government） the
situation of a Greek city under the Antonines。
＇32＇ Gibbon； ch。 10。 … Duruy； ch。 95。 （Decrease of the population of
Alexandria under Gallien； according to the registers of the alimentary
institution； letter of the bishop Dionysius。）
＇33＇ 〃Digest；〃 I。； 4； I。： 〃Quod principi placuit le