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bishop。〃＇115＇ The State retains the ownership of it； or transfers
this to the communes； it concedes to the clergy merely the right of
using it； and； in that； loses but little。 Parish and cathedral
churches in its hands are； for the most part； dead capital； nearly
useless and almost valueless； through their structure； they are not
fitted for civil offices； it does not know what to do with them except
to make barns of them； if it sells them it is to demolishers for their
value as building material； and then at great scandal。 Among the
parsonages and gardens that have been surrendered； several have become
communal property；＇116＇ and； in this case； it is not the State which
loses its title but the commune which is deprived of its investment。
In short； in the matter of available real estate； land or buildings；
from which the State might derive a rent； that which it sets off from
its domain and hands over to the clergy is of very little account。 As
to military service； it makes no greater concessions。 Neither the
Concordat nor the organic articles stipulate any exemption for the
clergy； the dispensation granted is simply a favor； this is
provisional for the seminarians and only becomes permanent under
ordination； now； the government fixes the number of the ordained； and
it keeps this down as much as possible；＇117＇ for the diocese of
Grenoble； it allows only eight in seven years。＇118＇ In this way； it
not only saves conscripts； but again； for lack of young priests； it
forces the bishops to appoint old priests； even constitutionalists；
nearly all pensioners on the treasury； and which either relieves the
treasury of a pension or the commune of a subsidy。＇119＇ … Thus； in
the reconstruction of the ecclesiastical fortune the State spares
itself and the portion it contributes remains very small： it furnishes
scarcely more than the plan； a few corner and foundation stones and
the permission or injunction to build； the rest concerns the communes
and private individuals。 They must exert themselves； continue and
complete it； by order or spontaneously and under its permanent
direction。
VIII。 Public Education。
State appropriations very small。 … Toleration of educational
institutions。 … The interest of the public in them invited。 … The
University。 … Its monopoly。 … Practically； his restrictions and
conditions are effective。 … Satisfaction given to the first group of
requirements。
Invariably the government proceeds in the same manner with the
reorganization of the other two collective fortunes。… As regards the
charitable institutions； under the Directory； the asylums and
hospitals had their unsold property restored to them； and in the place
of what had been sold they were promised national property of equal
value。＇120＇ But this was a complicated operation； things had dragged
along in the universal disorder and； to carry it out； the First Consul
reduced and simplified it。 He at once sets aside a portion of the
national domain； several distinct morsels in each district or
department； amounting in all to four millions of annual income derived
from productive real…estate；＇121＇ which he distributes among the
asylums； pro rata； according to their losses。 He assigns to them；
moreover； all the rents； in money or in kind； due for foundations to
parishes； curés； fabriques and corporations； finally； 〃he applies to
their wants〃 various outstanding claims； all national domains which
have been usurped by individuals or communes and which may be
subsequently recovered； 〃all rentals be…longing to the Republic； the
recognition and payment of which have been interrupted。〃＇122＇ In
short； he rummages every corner and picks out the scraps which may
help them along； then； resuming and extending another undertaking of
the Directory； he assigns to them； not merely in Paris； but in many
other towns； a portion of the product derived from theatres and
octrois。＇123＇ … Having thus increased their income； he applies himself
to diminishing their expenses。 On the one hand； he gives them back
their special servants； those who cost the least and work the best； I
mean the Sisters of Charity。 On the other hand； he binds them down
rigidly to exact accounts； he subjects them to strict supervision； he
selects for them competent and suitable administrators； he stops； here
as everywhere else； waste and peculation。 Henceforth； the public
reservoir to which the poor come to quench their thirst is repaired
and cleaned； the water remains pure and no longer oozes out； private
charity may therefore pour into it its fresh streams with full
security； on this side； they flow in naturally； and； at this moment；
with more force than usual； for； in the reservoir； half…emptied by
revolutionary confiscations； the level is always low。
There remain the institutions for instruction。 With respect to these；
the restoration seems more difficult； for their ancient endowment is
almost entirely wasted； the government has nothing to give back but
dilapidated buildings； a few scattered investments formerly intended
for the maintenance of a college scholarship；＇124＇ or for a village
schoolhouse。 And to whom should these be returned since the college
and the schoolhouse no longer exist？ … Fortunately； instruction is an
article of such necessity that a father almost always tries to procure
it for his children； even if poor； he is willing to pay for it； if not
too dear； only； he wants that which pleases him in kind and in quality
and； therefore； from a particular source； bearing this or that factory
stamp or label。 If you want him to buy it do not drive the purveyors
of it from the market who enjoy his confidence and who sell it
cheaply； on the contrary； welcome them and allow them to display their
wares。 This is the first step； an act of toleration； the conseils…
généraux demand it and the government yields。＇125＇ It permits the
return of the Ignorantin brethren； allows them to teach and authorizes
the towns to employ them； later on； it graduates them at its
University： in 1810； they already possess 41 schoolhouses and 8400
pupils。＇126＇ Still more liberally； it authorizes and favors female
educational congregations； down to the end of the empire and
afterwards； nuns are about the only instructors of young girls；
especially in primary education。 … Owing to the same toleration； the
upper schools are likewise reorganized； and not less spontaneously；
through the initiative of private individuals； communes； bishops；
colleges or pensionnats； at Reims； Fontainebleau； Metz； évreux；
Sorrèze； Juilly； La Fléche and elsewhere small seminaries in all the
dioceses。 Offer and demand have come together； instructors meet the
children half…way； and education begins on all sides。＇127＇
Thought can now be given to its endowment； and the State invites
everybody； the communes as well as private persons； to the
undertaking。 It is on their liberality that it relies for replacing
the ancient foundations； it solicits gifts and legacies in favor of
new establishments； and it promises 〃to surround these donations with
the most invariable respect。〃＇128＇ Meanwhile； and as a precautionary
measure； it assigns to each its eventual duty；＇129＇ if the commune
establishes a primary school for itself； it must provide the tutor
with a lodging and the parents must compensate him； if the commune
founds a college or accepts a lycée； it must pay for the annual
support of the building；＇130＇ while the pupils； either day…scholars or
boarders； pay accordingly。 In this way； the heavy expenses are already
met； and the State； the general…manager of the service； furnishes
simply a very small quota； and this quota； mediocre as a rule； is
found almost null in fact； for its main largess consists in 6400
scholarships which it establishes and engages to support； but it
confers only about 3000 of them；＇131＇ and it distributes nearly all of
these among the children of its military or civilian employees This
way a son's scholarship becomes additional pay or an increased salary
for the father； thus； the 2 millions which the State seems； under this
head； to assign to the lycées are actually gratifications which it
distributes among its functionaries and officials： it takes back with
one hand what it be…stows with the other。 … Having put this in place；
it establishes the University。 It is not at its own expense； however；
but at the expense of others； at the expense of private persons and
parents； of the communes； and above all at the expense of rival
schools and private boarding…schools； of the free institutions； and
all this in favor of the University monopoly which subjects these to
special taxation as ingenious as it is multifarious。＇132＇ A private
individual obtaining diploma to open on a boarding school must pay
from 200 to 300 francs to the University； likewise； every person
obtaining a diploma to open an institution shall pay from 400 to 600
francs to t