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obtaining a diploma to open an institution shall pay from 400 to 600
francs to the University； likewise every person obtaining permission
to lecture on law or medicine。＇133＇ Every student； boarder； half…
boarder or day…scholar in any school； institution； seminary； college
or lycée； must pay to the University one…twentieth of the sum which
the establishment to which he belongs demands of each of its pupils。
In the higher schools； in the faculties of law； medicine； science and
literature； the students pay entrance and examination fees and for
diplomas； so that the day comes when superior instruction provides for
its expenditures out of its receipts and even shows on its budget a
net surplus of profit。 The new University； with its expenses thus
defrayed； will support itself alone； accordingly； all that the State
really grants to it； as a veritable gift； in ready cash； is 400；000
francs annual income on the public ledger； a little less than the
donation of one single college； Louis…le…Grand； in 1789。＇134＇ It may
even be said that it is exactly the fortune of the old college which；
after being made use of in many ways； turned aside and with other
mischance； becomes the patrimony of the new University。＇135＇ From
high…school to University； the State has effected the transfer。 Such
is its generosity。 This is especially apparent in connection with
primary instruction； in 1812； for the first time； it allows 25；000
francs for this purpose； of which only 4；500 are received。＇136＇
Such is the final liquidation of the great collective fortunes。 A
settlement of accounts； an express or tacit bargain； intervenes
between the State and all institutions for instruction； worship and
charity。 It has taken from the poor； from the young and from
believers； 5 milliards of capital and 270 millions of revenue；＇137＇ it
gives back to them； in public income and treasury interest； about 17
millions per annum。 As it has the might and makes the law it has no
difficulty in obtaining or in giving itself its own discharge； it is a
bankrupt who； having spent his creditors money； bestows on these 6％。
of their claim by way of alms。
Naturally； it takes the opportunity to bring them under its strict and
permanent dependence； in adding other claims to those with which the
old monarchy had already burdened the corporations that administered
collective fortunes。 Napoleon increases the weight of these chains and
screws them tighter。 Not only does he take it upon himself to impose
order； probity； and economy on the administrators； but； again； he
appoints them； dismisses them； and prescribes or authorizes each of
their acts。 He puts words in their mouths； he wants to be the great
bishop； the universal genius； the sole tutor and professor； in short；
the dictator of opinion； the creator and director of every political；
social and moral idea throughout his empire。 … With what rigidity and
pertinacious intent； with what variety and convergence of means； with
what plenitude and certainty of execution； with what detriment and
with what danger； present and to come； for corporations； for the
public； for the State； for himself； we shall see presently； he
himself； living and reigning； is to realize this。 For his
interference； pushed to extremes； is to end in encountering resistance
in a body which he considers as his own creature； the Church： here；
forgetting that she has roots of her own； deep down and out of his
reach； he carries off the Pope； holds him captive； sends cardinals
into the interior； （Page 198/504）imprisons bishops； banishes priests；
and incorporates seminarians in his regiments。＇138＇ He decrees the
closing of all small seminaries；＇139＇ alienates forever the Catholic
clergy like the royalist nobility； precisely at the same moment and
through the same absolutism； through the same abuse of power； through
the same recurrence to revolutionary tradition； to Jacobin infatuation
and brutality； even to the frustration of his Concordat of 1802 as
with his amnesty of 1802； even to compromising his capital work of the
attempted reconciliation and reunion of old France with the new
France。 His work； nevertheless； although incomplete； even interrupted
and marred by himself； remains substantial and salutary。 The three
grand machines which the Revolution had demolished with so little
foresight； and which he had reconstructed at so little cost； are in
working order； and； with deviations or shortcomings in result； they
render to the public the required services； each its own； worship；
charity and instruction。 Full toleration and legal protection to the
three leading Christian cults； and even to Judaism； would of itself
already satisfy the most sensitive of religious demands； owing to the
donation furnished by the State and communes and by private
individuals； the necessary complement is not wanting。
The Catholic community； in particular； the most numerous of all；
exercises and celebrates its system of worship in conformity with its
faith； according to ecclesiastical canons under its own orthodox
hierarchy； in each parish； or within reach of each parish； dwells one
authorized priest who administers valid sacraments； in his stole he
says mass publicly in a consecrated edifice； plainly decorated at
first but gradually beautified； not less publicly； various
congregations of monks and nuns； the former in black robes and the
〃sisters in wimples and white caps； serve in the schools and asylums。
On the other hand； in these well…equipped and well…governed asylums
and hospitals； in the bureaux of charity； their resources are no
longer inferior to their needs； while Christian charity and
philanthropic generosity are constantly operating in all directions to
fill the empty drawers； legacies and private donations； after 1802；
authorized by the Council of State； multiply； we see them swelling the
pages of the 〃Bulletin des Lois。〃＇140＇ From 1800 to 1845； the
hospitals and asylums are thus to receive more than 72 millions； and
the charity bureaux over 49 millions； from 1800 to 1878； all together
will thus receive more than 415 millions。＇141＇ The old patrimony of
the poor is again reconstituted piece by piece； and on January 1st；
1833； asylums and hospitals； with their 51 millions of revenue； are
able to support 154；000 elderly and the sickly。＇142＇
Like public charity； public education again becomes effective；
Fourcroy； after 1806；＇143＇ lists 29 organized and full lycées； besides
these； 370 communal secondary schools and 377 private secondary
schools are open and receive 50；200； there are 25；000 children in the
4500 schools。 Finally； in 1815；＇144＇ we find in France； restored to
its ancient boundaries； 12 faculties of Law or Medicine with 6；329
students； 36 lycées with 9000 pupils； 368 colleges with 28；000 pupils；
41 small seminaries with 5233 pupils； 1255 boarding…schools and
private institutions with 39；623 pupils； and 22；348 primary schools
with 737；369 scholars； as far as can be gathered； the proportion of
men and women able to read and to sign their name is raised under the
empire up to and beyond the figures＇145＇ it had reached previous to
1789。
In this manner are the worst damages repaired。 The three new
administrative services； with a different set…up； do the job of the
old ones and； at the expiration of twenty…five years； give an almost
equal return。 … In sum； the new proprietor of the great structure
sacked by the Revolution has again set up the indispensable apparatus
for warming； lighting and ventilation； as he knows his own interests
perfectly； and is poorly off in ready money； he contributes only a
minimum of the expense； in other respects； he has grouped together his
tenants into syndicates； into barracks； in apartments； and；
voluntarily or involuntarily； he has put upon them the burden of cost。
In the meantime； he has kept the three keys of the three engines in
his own cabinet； in his own hands； for himself alone； henceforth； it
is he who distributes throughout the building； on each story and in
every room； light； air and heat。 If he does not distribute the same
quantity as before he at least distributes whatever is necessary； the
tenants can； at last； breathe comfortably； see clearly and not shiver；
after ten years of suffocation； darkness and cold they are too well
satisfied to wrangle with the proprietor； discuss his ways； and
dispute over the monopoly by which he has constituted himself the
arbitrator of their wants。 … The same thing is done in the material
order of things； in relation to the highways； dikes； canals； and
structures useful to the people： here also he repairs or creates
through the same despotic initiative；
* with the same economy；＇146＇
* the same apportionment of expense；＇147＇
* the same spontaneous or forced aid to those interested；
* the same practical efficiency。＇148＇
Summing it up and if we take things as a whole； and if we offset the
wors