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signifies to him that he must remain a prisoner so long as he refuses
to be a second…lieutenant。〃
＇46＇ Sénatus…consulte of April 26； 1802： 〃Considering that this
measure is merely one of pardon to the large number who are always
more led astray than criminal 。 。 。 the amnestied will remain for ten
years under a special government surveillance。〃 It may oblige each one
〃to leave his usual residence and go to a distance of twenty leagues；
and even farther if circumstances demand it。〃
＇47＇ Thiers； X。； 41。 （Letter to Fouché； Dec。31； 1808； not inserted in
the correspondence。） … 〃The Modern Régime；〃 book I。； ch。II。
＇48＇ Rocquain； 〃état de la France au 18 brumaire；〃 pp。33； 189； 190。
（Reports of Fran？ais de Nantes and of Fourcroy。） … 〃Statistique
elementaire de la France；〃 by Peuchet （according to a statement
published by the minister of the interior； year IX）； p。 260。 …
〃Statistiques des préfets；〃 Aube； by Aubray； p。23； Aisne； by Dauchet；
p。87； Lot…et…Garonne； by Pieyre； p。 45： 〃It is during the Revolution
that the number of foundlings increased to this extraordinary extent
by the too easy admission in the asylums of girls who had become
mothers； along with their infants； through the passing sojourn of
soldiers in their houses； through the subversion of every principle of
religion and morality。〃 … Gers； by Balguerie： 〃Many defenders of the
country became fathers before their departure。 。 。 。 The soldiers； on
their return； maintained the habits of their conquests。 。 。 。 Many of
the girls； besides； for lack of a husband took a lover。〃… Moselle； by
Coichen； p。91： 〃Morals are more lax。 In 1789； at Metz； there are 524
illegitimate births； in the year IX； 646； in 1789； 70 prostitutes； in
the year IX； 260。 There is the same increase of kept women。〃 …
Peuchet； 〃 Essai d'une statistique générale de la France；〃 year IX；
p。28。 〃The number of illegitimate births； from one forty…seventh in
1780； increased to nearly one eleventh of the total births； according
to the comparative estimates of M。 Necker and M。 Mourgue。〃
＇49＇ Rocquam； ibid。； p。 93。 （Report of Barbé…Marbois。）
＇50＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 III。； p。416 （note）； P。471 （note）。 （Laff。 II。
pp。 307…308； p 348。）
＇51＇ 〃Statistiques des préfets；〃 Deux…Sèvres； by Dupin； p。 174：
〃Venereal diseases which thanks to good habits。 were still unknown in
the country in 1789； are now spread throughout the Bocage and in all
places where the troops have sojourned。〃 … 〃Dr。 Delahay； at Parthenay
observes that the number of maniacs increased fright fully in the
Reign of Terror。〃 （It should be remembered that the terminal stage of
untreated syphilis is madness and death。 SR。）
＇52＇ Decrees of March 19； 1793； and Messidor 23； year II。 … Decrees of
Brumaire 2； year IV； and Vendémiaire 16 year V。
＇53＇ 〃Statistiques des préfets；〃 Rh？ne； by Verminac； year X。 Income of
the Lyons Asylums in 1789；1。510；827 francs； to…day； 459；371 francs。 …
Indre； by Dalphonse； year XII。 The principal asylum of Issoudun；
founded in the twelfth century； had 27；939 francs revenue； on which it
loses 16；232。 Another asylum； that of the Incurables； loses； on an
income of 12；062 francs； 7457 francs。 … Eure； by Masson Saint…Amand；
year XIII： 〃14 asylums and 3 small charity establishments in the
department； with about 100；000 francs income in 1789； have lost at
least 60；000 francs of it。 … Vosges； by Desgouttes； year X： 〃10
asylums in the department。 Most of these have been stripped of nearly
the whole of their property and capital on account of the law of
Messidor 23； year II； on the suspension of the execution of this law；
the property had been sold and the capital returned。 … Cher； by Lu？ay：
〃15 asylums before the revolution； they remain almost wholly without
resources through the loss of their possessions。 … Lozère； by
Jerphaniou； year X： 〃The property belonging to the asylums； either in
real estate or state securities； has passed into other hands。〃 …
Doubs； analysis by Ferrieres： 〃Situation of the asylums much inferior
to that of 1789； because they could not have property restored to them
in proportion to the value of that which had been alienated。 The
asylum of Pontarlier lost one…half of its revenue through
reimbursements in paper…money。 All the property of the Ornans asylum
has been sold；〃 etc。 … Rocquain； p。 187。 （Report by Fourcroy。） Asylums
of Orne： their revenue； instead of 123；189 francs； is no more than
68；239。 … Asylums of Calvados： they have lost 173；648 francs of
income； there remains of this only 85；955 francs。 … Passim； heart…
rending details on the destitution of the asylums and their inmates；
children； the sick and the infirm。 … The figures by which I have tried
to show the disproportion between requirements and resources are a
minimum。
＇54＇ Abbé Allain； 〃l'Instruction primaire en France avant la
Révolution；〃 and Albert Duruy； 〃l'Instruction publique et la
Révolution；〃 passim。
＇55＇ 〃Statistique de l'enseignement primaire〃 （1880）；II。； CCIV。 The
proportion of instructed and uninstructed people has been ascertained
in 79 departments； and at various periods； from 168o down to the year
1876； according to the signatures on 1；699；985 marriage…records。 … In
the 〃Dictionnaire de pédagogie et d'instruction primaire；〃 published
by M。 Buisson； M。 Maggiolo； director of these vast statistics； has
given the proportion of literate and illiterate people for the
different departments； now； from department to department； the figures
furnished by the signatures on marriage records correspond with
sufficient exactness to the number of schools； verified moreover by
pastoral visits and by other documents。 The most illiterate
departments are Cantal； Puy…de…Dome； Nièvre； Allier； Vienne； Haute…
Vienne； Deux…Sèvres； Vendée and the departments of Brittany。
＇56＇ One sou equals 1/20 of a franc or 5 centimes。 （SR。）
＇57＇ Albert Duruy； ibid。； p。25。 （According to the report of M。
Villemain on common…school education in 1843。） … Abbé Allain； 〃la
Question d'enseignement en 1789；〃 p。 88 … A。 Silvy； 〃les Collèges en
France avant la Révolution；〃 p。5。 The researches of M。 Silvy show that
the number of high…schools （collèges） given by M。 Villemain is much
too low： 〃The number of these schools under the ancient Régime cannot
be estimated at less than about 900。 。 。 。 I have ascertained 800。 。 。
。 I must add that my search is not yet finished and that I find new
institutions every day。〃
＇58＇ Lunet； 〃Histoire du collège de Rodez；〃 p。 110。 … Edmond；
〃Histoire du collège de Louis…le…Grand；〃 p。 238。 … 〃Statistiques des
préfets；〃 Moselle。 （Analysis by Ferrière； year XII。） Before 1789； 4
high…schools at Metz； very complete； conducted by regular canons；
Benedictines； with 33 professors； 38 assistant teachers； 63 servants；
259 day…scholars and 217 boarders。 All this was broken up。 In the year
IX there is only one central school； very inadequate； with 9
professors； 5 assistants； 3 servants and 233 day…scholars。
＇59＇ Albert Duruy； ibid。； p。 25。
＇60＇ Lunet； ibid； p。110；
＇61＇ 〃Statistiques des préfets；〃 Ain； by Bossi； p。368。 At Bourg；
before the revolution； 220 pupils； of which 70 were boarders； 8000
livres income in real property confiscated during the revolution。 … At
Belley； the teachers consist of the congregationist of Saint…Joseph；
250 pupils； 9950 francs revenue from capital invested in the pays
d'état； swept away by the revolution。 … At Thoissy； 8000 francs rental
of real property sold； etc。 … Deux…Sèvres； by Dupin； year IX； and
〃analyse〃 by Ferrière； P。 48： 〃Previous to the revolution； each
department town had its high…school。 … At Thouars； 60 boarders at 300
livres per annum； and 40 day…scholars。 At Niort； 80 boarders at 450
livres per annum； and 100 day…scholars〃。 …Aisne； by Dauchy； p。88。
Before 1789； nearly all the small high…schools were gratuitous； and；
in the large ones； there were scholarships open to competition。 All
their possessions； except large buildings； were alienated and sold； as
well as those of the 60 communities in which girls were taught
gratuitously。 … Eure； by Masson Saint…Amand。 There were previous to
1789； 8 high…schools which were all suppressed and destroyed。 … Dr？me；
by Collin； p。66。 Before the revolution； each town had its high…
school；〃 etc。
＇62＇ Cf。 Marmontel； 〃Mémoires；〃 I。； 16； for details of these customs；
M。 Jules Simon found the same customs afterwards and describes them in
the souvenirs of his youth。 … La Chalotais； at the end of the reign of
Louis XV。； had already described the efficiency of the institution。
〃Even the people want to study。 Farmers and craftsmen send their
children to the schools in these small towns where living is cheap。〃
This rapid spread of secondary education contributed a good deal
towards bringing on the revolution。
＇63＇ 〃Statistiques des préfets；〃 Indre； by Dalphonse； year XII； p。104：
〃The universities； the colleges；