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（official statistics of primary instruction； III。； XVI。）； children
from six to thirteen number about twelve ％ of the entire population。
Accordingly； in 1789； out of a population of 26 millions； the children
from 6 to 13 numbered 3；120；000； of whom 1；138；000 learned to read and
write。 It must be noted that； in 1800； the adult population had
greatly diminished； and that the infantine population had largely
increased。 France； moreover； is enlarged by 12 departments （Belgium；
Savoy； Comtat； Nice）； where the old schools had equally perished。 … If
all the old schools had been kept up； it is probable that the children
who would have had primary instruction would have numbered nearly
1；400；000。
＇77＇ Saint Thomas； 〃Summa theologica；〃 pars III。； questio 60 usque ad
85： 〃Sacramenta efficiunt quod figurant。 。 。 。 Sant necessaria ad
salutem hominum。 。 。 。 Ab ipso verbo incarnata efficaciam habent。 Ex
sua institutione habent quod conferant gratiam。 。 。 。 Sacramentum est
causa grati？； causa agens； principalis et instrumentalis。〃
＇78＇ Except priests ordained by a bishop of the Greek church。
＇79＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 I。 161。 … Archives nationales。 （Reports of the
Directory commissioners from the cantons and departments。 … There are
hundreds of these reports； of which the following are specimens。） …
F7； 7108。 （Canton of Passavent； Doubs； Vent？se 7； year IV。） 〃The sway
of religious opinions is much more extensive here than before the
revolution； because the mass of the people did not concern themselves
about them； while nowadays they form among the generality the subject
of conversation and complaint。〃 … F7； 7127。 （Canton of Goux； Doubs；
Pluvi？se 13； year IV。） 〃The hunting down of unsworn priests； coupled
with the dilapidation and destruction of the temples； displeased the
people； who want a religion and a cult； the government became hateful
to them。〃 … Ibid。 （Dordogne； canton of Livrac； Vent？se 13； year IV。）
〃The demolition of altars； the closing of the churches； had rendered
the people furious under the Tyranny。〃 … F7； 7129。 （Seine…Infèrieure；
canton of Canteleu； Pluvi？se 12； year IV。） 〃I knew enlightened men
who； in the ancient regime； never went near a church； and yet who
harbored refractory priests。〃 … Archives nationales； cartons 3144…
3145； No。 1004。 （Missions of the councillors of state in the year IX。）
At this date； worship was everywhere established and spontaneously。
（Report by Lacuée。） In Eure…et…Loire； 〃nearly every village has its
church and minister； the temples are open in the towns and are well
attended。〃 … In Seine…et…Oise； 〃the Roman Catholic cult prevails in
all the communes of the department。〃 … In Oise； 〃worship is carried on
in all the communes of the department。〃…In Loiret； 〃the churches are
attended by the multitude almost as regularly as before 1788。 One…
sixth of the communes （only） have neither worship nor minister and； in
these communes； both are strongly desired。〃
＇80＇ Archives nationales； F7； 7129。 （Tarn； canton of Vielmur； Germinal
10； year IV。） 〃The ignorant now regard patriot and brigand as
synonymous。〃
＇81＇ Archives nationales； F7； 7108。 （Doubs； canton of Vercel； Pluvi？se
20； year IV。） 〃Under the law of Prairial II； the unsworn priests were
all recalled by their former parishioners。 Their hold on the people is
so strong that there is no sacrifice that they will not make； no ruse
nor measures that they will not employ to keep them and elude the
rigor of the laws bearing on them〃 … （Ibid。； canton of Pontarlier；
Pluvi？se 3； year IV。） 〃In the primary assemblies； the aristocracy；
together with spite； have induced the ignorant people not to accept
the constitution except on condition of the recall of their
transported or emigrant priests for the exercise of their worship。〃 …
（Ibid。； canton of Labergement； Pluvi？se 14； year IV。） 〃The
cultivators adore them。 。 。 。 I am the only citizen of my canton who；
along with my； family； offers up prayers to the Eternal without any
intermediary。〃 … F7； 7127。 （C？te…d'Or； canton of Beaune； Vent？se 5；
year IV。） 〃Fanaticism is a power of great influence。〃 … （Ibid。； canton
of Frolois； Pluvi？se 9； year IV。） 〃Two unsworn priests returned
eighteen months ago； they are hidden away and hold nocturnal meetings。
。 。 They have seduced and corrupted at least three…quarters of the
people of both sexes。〃 … （Ibid。； canton of Ivry； Pluvi？se 1； year IV。）
〃Fanaticism and popery have perverted the public mind。〃 … F7； 7119。
（Puy…de…D？me； canton of Ambert； Vent？se 15； year IV。） 〃Five returned
priests have celebrated the mass here； and each time were followed by
3000 or 4000 persons。〃 … F7； 7127。 （Dordogne； canton of Carlux；
Pluvi？se 18； year IV。） 〃The people are so attached to the Catholic
faith； they walk fully two leagues to attend mass。〃 … F7； 7119。
（Ardèche； canton of Saint…Barthélemy； Pluvi？se 15； year IV。） 〃The
unsubmissive priests have become absolute masters of popular opinion。〃
… （Orne； canton of Alen？on； Vent？se 22； year IV。） 〃Presidents；
members of the municipal councils； instead of arresting the refractory
priests and bringing them into court； admit them to their table； lodge
them and impart to them the secrets of the government。〃 … F7； 7129。
（Seine…et…Oise； canton of Jouy； Pluvi？se 8； year IV。） 〃Forty…nine out
of fifty citizens seem to have the greatest desire to profess the
Catholic faith。〃 … Ibid。； canton of Dammartin； Pluvi？se 7； year IV。）
〃The Catholic religion has full sway； those who do not accept it are
frowned upon。〃 … At the same date （Pluvi？se 9； year IV）； the
commissioner at Chamarande writes： 〃I see persons giving what they
call blessed bread and yet having nothing to eat。〃
＇82＇ Ibid。； cartons 3144 and 3145； No。 1004； missions of the
councillors of state； year IX。 … （Report of Barbé…Marbois on
Brittany。） 〃At Vannes； I entered the cathedral on the jour des Rois；
where the constitutional mass was being celebrated； there were only
one priest and two or three poor people there。 A little farther on I
found a large crowd barring the way in the street； these people could
not enter a chapel which was already full and where the mass called
for by the Catholics was being celebrated。 … Elsewhere； the churches
in the town were likewise deserted； and the people went to hear mass
by a priest just arrived from England。〃 … （Report by Fran？ais de
Nantes on Vaucluse and Provence。） One tenth of the population follows
the constitutional priests； the rest follow the returned emigré
priests； the latter have on their side the rich and influential
portion of society。〃 … （Report of Lacuée on Paris and the seven
surrounding departments。） 〃The situation of the unsubmissive priests
is more advantageous than that of the submissive priests。 。 。 。 The
latter are neglected and abandoned； it is not fashionable to join
them。 。 。 （The former） are venerated by their adherents as martyrs；
they excite tender interest； especially from the women。〃
＇83＇ Archives nationales； cartons 3144 and 3145； No。1004； missions of
the councillors of state； year IX。… （Report by Lacuée。） 〃The wants of
the people in this way seem at this moment to be confined。 。 。 to a
vain spectacle； to ceremonies： going to mass； the sermon and vespers；
which is all very well； but confession； the communion； fasting； doing
without meat； is not common anywhere。 。 。 。 In the country； where
there are no priests； the village schoolmaster officiates； and people
are content； they would prefer bells without priests rather than
priests without bells。〃 … This regret for bells is very frequent and
survives even in the cantons which are lukewarm。 … （Creuse； Pluvi？se
10； year IV。） 〃They persist in replanting the crosses which the
priests have dug up； they put back the ropes to the bells which the
magistrate has taken away。〃
＇84＇ Archives nationales； cartons 3144 and 3145； No。 1004； missions of
the councilors of state； year IX。 … （Report by Fourcroy。） 〃The keeping
of Sunday and the attendance on the churches； which is seen
everywhere； shows that the mass of Frenchmen desire a return to
ancient usages； and that the time has gone by for resisting this
national tendency。 。 。 The mass of mankind require a religion； a
system of worship and a priesthood。 It is an error of certain modern
phi1osophers； into which I have myself been led； to believe in the
possibility of any instruction sufficiently widespread to destroy
religious prejudices； they are a source of consolation for the vast
number of the unfortunate。 。 。 。 Priests； altars and worship must
accordingly be left to the mass of the people。〃
＇85＇ Peuchet； 〃Statistique élémentaire de la France〃 （published in
1805）； p。228。 According to statements furnished by prefects in the
years IX and X； the population is 33；111；962 persons； the annexation
of the island of Elbe and of Piedmont adds 1；864；350 Total；
34；976；313。 … Pelet de la Lozère； P。203。 （Speech by Napoleon to the
council of stat