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1860; 80 millions; in 1887; 171 millions。
'35' The mutation tax is that levied in France on all property
transmitted by inheritance。 or which changes hands through formal sale
(other than in ordinary business transactions); as in the case of
transfers of real…estate; effected through purchase or sale。 Timbre
designates stamp duties imposed on the various kinds of legal
documents。…Tr。
'36' Ibid。 Returns of the mutation tax (registration and timbre)。
Registration in 1820; 127 millions ; in 1860; 306 millions; in 1886;
518 millions。 … Timbre; in 1820; 26 millions; in 1860; 56 millions; in
1886; 156 millions。 Sum…total in 1886; 674 millions。 … The rate of
corresponding taxes under the ancient régime (contr?le; insinuation
centième denier; formule) was very much lower; the principal one; or
tax of centieme denier; took only 1 per 100; and on the mutations of
real…estate。 This mutation tax is the only one rendered worse; it was
immediately aggravated by the Constituent Assembly; and it is rendered
all the more exorbitant on successions in which liabilities are not
deducted from assets。 (That is to say; the inheritor of an indebted
estate in France must pay a mutation tax on its full value。 He has the
privilege; however; of renouncing the estate if he does not choose to
accept it along with its indebtedness。) … The taxpayer's resignation
to this tax is explained by the exchequer collecting it at a unique
moment; when proprietorship just comes into being or is just at the
point of birth。 In effect; if property changes hands under inheritance
or through free donation it is probable that the new owner; suddenly
enriched; will be only too glad to enter into possession of it; and
not object to an impost which; although taking about a tenth; still
leaves him only a little less wealthy。 When property is transferred by
contract or sale; neither of the contracting parties; probably; sees
clearly which pays the fiscal tax; the seller may think that it is the
buyer; and the buyer that it is the seller。 Owing to this illusion
both are less sensible of the shearing; each offering his own back in
the belief that it is the back of the other。
'37' See 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 pp。358…362。 (Ed。 Laff。 I。 266…268。)
'38' See 〃The Revolution;〃 vol。 I。; pp。 16; 38。 (ED。 Laff。 I。 pp。 326;
342。)
'39' Decree of Oct。 31 … Nov。 5; 1789; abolishing the boundary taxes
between the provinces and suppressing all the collection offices in
the kingdom。 … Decree of 21…30 March 1790; abolishing the salt…tax。
Decree of 1…17 March 1791; abolishing all taxes on liquors; and decree
of 19…25 Feb。 1791; abolishing all octroi taxes。 … Decree of 20…27
March 1791; in relation to freedom of growing; manufacturing and
selling tobacco; customs…duties on the importation of leaf…tobacco
alone are maintained; and give but an insignificant revenue; from
1;500;000 to 1;800;000 francs in the year V。
'40' Gaudin; Duc de Ga?te; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 215…217。 … The advantages
of indirect taxation are well explained by Gaudin。 〃The taxpayer pays
only when he is willing and has the means。 On the other hand; when the
duties imposed by the exchequer are confounded with the price of the
article; the taxpayer; in paying his due; thinks only of satisfying a
want or of procuring an enjoyment。〃 … Decrees of March 16 and 27; and
May 4; 1806 (on salt); of February 25; 1804; April 24; 1806; Nov。 25;
1808 (on liquors); May 19; 1802; March 6; 1804; April 24; 1806; Dec。。
29; 1810 (on tobacco)。
'41' Letrosne; 〃De l'administration des finances et de la réforme de
1'imp?t〃 (1779) pp。148; 162。 … Laboulaye; 〃De l'administration
fran?aise sous Louis XVI。〃 (Revue des cours littéraires; 1864…1865;
p。677)。 〃I believe that; under Louis XIII。; they took at least five
and; under Louis XIV; four to get two。〃
'42' Paul Leroy…Bealieu; 〃Traité de la science des finances;〃 I。; 261。
(In 1875; these costs amount to 5。20 %。) … De Foville; ibid。 (Cost of
customs and salt…tax; in 1828; 16。2 %; in 1876; 10。2 %。 … Cost of
indirect taxation; in 1828; 14。90 %; in 1876; 3。7 %。) … De Calonné;
〃Collection des mémoires présentés à l'assemblée des notables;〃 1787;
p。63。
'43' See 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 P。23; 370。 … 〃 The Revolution;〃 I。; 10;
16; 17。 (Ed。 Laff。 I。 pp。 23…24; 274; 322; 326…327。)
'44' See 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 p。361。 (Ed。 Laff。 I。 p。268。)
'45' Leroy…Beaulieu; ibid。; I。; 643。
'46' Decrees of November 25; 1808; and December 8; 1824。
'47' Certain persons under the ancient régime enjoyed an exemption
from the tax on salt。
'48' Stourm; I。; 360; 389。 … De Foville; 382; 385; 398。
'49' These figures are given by Gaudin。
'50' Thiers; XIII。; pp。20 to 25。
'51' Lafayette; 〃Mémoires。〃 (Letter of October 17; 1779; and notes
made in Auvergne; August 1800。) 〃You know how many beggars there were;
people dying of hunger in our country。 We see no more of them。 The
peasants are richer; the land better tilled and the women better
clad。〃 … 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 340; 34; 342。 … 〃 The Revolution;〃
III。; p。366; 402。
'52' 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 P。340。 (ED。 Laff。 I。 pp。 254; 256。)…〃 The
Revolution;〃 III。; 212。 (Ed。 Laff。 II。 p。 271; 297。)
'53' These two famines were due to inclement seasons and were
aggravated; the last one by the consequences of invasion and the
necessity of supporting 150;000 foreign troops; and the former by the
course taken by Napoleon who applies the maximum afresh; with the same
intermeddling; the same despotism and the same failure as under the
Convention。( 〃Souvenirs〃; by PASQUIER (Etienne…Dennis; duc);
chancelier de France。 in VI volumes; Librarie Plon; Paris 1893。) 〃I
do not exaggerate in stating that our operations in the purchase and
transport (of grain) required a full quarter of the time; and often
one…third; more than would have been required in commerce。〃 …
Prolongation of the famine in Normandy。 〃Bands of famished beggars
overran the country。 。 。 。 Riots and pillaging around Caen; several
mills burnt。 。 。 。 Suppression of these by the imperial guard。 In the
executions which resulted from these even women were not spared。〃 …
The two principal guarantees at the present day against this public
danger are; first; easier circumstances; and next the multiplication
of good roads and of railroads; the dispatch and cheapness of
transportation; and the superabundant crops of Russia and the United
States。
'54' J。 Gebelin; 〃Histoire des milices provinciales〃 (1882); p。87;
143; 157; 288。 … Most of the texts and details may be found in this
excellent work。 … Many towns; Paris; Lyons; Reims; Rouen; Bordeaux;
Tours; Agen; Sedan and the two generalities of Flanders and Hainault
are examples of drawing by lot; they furnished their contingent by
volunteers enlisted at their own expense; the merchants and artisans;
or the community itself; paying the bounty for enlistment。 Besides
this there were many exemptions in the lower class。 … Cf。 〃The
Ancient Régime;〃 p。390。 (Ed。 Laff。 p。 289。)
'55' J。 Gebelin; ibid。; 239; 279; 288。 (Except the eight regiments of
royal grenadiers in the militia who turned out for one month in the
year。)
'56' Example afforded by one department。 (〃Statistics of Ain;〃 by
Rossi; prefect; 1808。) Number of soldiers on duty in the department;
in 1789; 323; in 1801; 6;729; in 1806; 6;764。 … 〃 The department of
Ain furnished nearly 30;000 men to the armies; conscripts and those
under requisition。〃 … It is noticeable; consequently; that in the
population of 1801; there is a sensible diminution of persons between
twenty and thirty and; in the population of 1806; of those between
twenty…five and thirty…five years of age。 The number between twenty
and thirty is as follows: in 1789; 39;828; in 1801; 35;648; in 1806;
34;083。
'57' De Dampmartin。 〃Evénemens qui se sont passés sous mes yeux
pendant la révolution fran?aise;〃 V。 II。 (State of the French army;
Jan。 1; 1789。) Total on a peace footing; 177;890 men。 … This is the
nominal force; the real force under arms was 154;000; in March 1791;
it had fallen to 115;000; through the multitude of desertions and the
scarcity of enlistments; (Yung; 〃Dubois…Crancé et la Révolution;〃 I。;
158。 Speech by Dubois…Crancé。)
'58' 〃The Ancient Régime;〃 P 390; 391。 … 〃The Revolution;〃 p。 328…330。
(Ed。 Laff。 I。 289 and 290; pp。 542…543) … Albert Babeau; 〃le
Recrutement militaire sous 1'ancien Régime。〃 (In 〃la Réforme sociale〃
of Sept。 I; 1888; p。 229; 238。)… An officer says; 〃only the rabble are
enlisted because it is cheaper。〃 … Yung; ibid。; I。; 32。 (Speech by M。
de Liancourt in the tribune。) 〃The soldier is classed apart and is too
little esteemed。〃 … Ibid。; p。 39。 (〃Vices et abus de la constitution
actuelle fran?aise;〃 memorial signed by officers in most of the
regiments; Sept。 6; 1789。) 〃The majority of soldiers are derived from
the offscourings of the large towns and are me