按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
the offscourings of the large towns and are men without occupation。〃
＇59＇ Gebelin； p。 270。 Almost all the cahiers of the third…estate in
1789 demand the abolition of drafting by lot； and nearly all of those
of the three orders are for volunteer service； as opposed to
obligatory service； most of these demand； for the army； a volunteer
militia enlisted through a bounty； this bounty or security in money to
be furnished by communities of inhabitants which； in fact； was already
the case in several towns。
＇60＇ Albert Babeau； ibid。； 238。 〃Colonels were allowed only 100
francs per man； this sum； however； being insufficient； the balance was
assessed on the pay of the officers。〃
＇61＇ This principle was at once adopted by the Jacobins。 （Yung； ibid。；
19； 22； 145。 Speech by Dubois…Crancé at the session held Dec。12；
1789。） 〃Every citizen will become a soldier of the Constitution。〃 No
more casting lots nor substitution。 〃Each citizen must be a soldier
and each soldier a citizen。〃 … The first application of the principle
is a call for 300；000 men （Feb。 26； 1793）； then through a levy on the
masses which brings 500；000 men under the flag； nominally volunteers；
but conscripts in reality。 （Baron Poisson； 〃l'Armée et la Garde
Nationale；〃III； 475。）
＇62＇ Taine wrote this in 1888； after the end of the second French
Empire； after the transformation of Prussia into the Empire of
Germany。 Taine apparently had a premonition of the terrible wars of
the 20th century； of Nazism； Communism and their death and
concentration camps。 （SR。）
＇63＇ Baron Poisson； 〃l'Armée et la Garde nationale；〃 III。； 475。
（Summing up。） 〃Popular tradition has converted the volunteer of the
Republic into a conventional personage which history cannot accept。 。
。 。 1st。 The first contingent of volunteers demanded of the country
consisted of 97；000 men （i1791）。 60；000 enthusiasts responded to the
call； enlisted for a year and fulfilled their engagement； but for no
consideration would they remain longer。 2nd。 Second call for
volunteers in April 1792。 Only mixed levies； partial； raised by money；
most of them even without occupation； outcasts and unable to withstand
the enemy。 3rd。 300；000 men recruited； which measure partly fails； the
recruit can always get off by furnishing a substitute。 4th。 Levy in
mass of 500；000 men； called volunteers； but really conscripts。〃
＇64＇ 〃Mémorial〃 （Speech by Napoleon before the Council of State）。 〃I
am inflexible on exemptions； they would be crimes； how relieve one's
conscience of having caused one man to die in the place of another ？〃
… 〃The conscription was an unprivileged militia： it was an eminently
national institution and already far advanced in our customs； only
mothers were still afflicted by it； while the time was coming when a
girl would not have a man who had not paid his debt to his country。〃
＇65＇ Law of Fructidor 8； year XIII； article 10。 … Pelet de La Lozère；
229。 （Speech by Napoleon； Council of State； May 29； 1804。） … Pelet
adds： 〃The duration of the service was not fixed。 。 。 。 As a fact in
itself； the man was exiled from his home for the rest of his life；
regarding it as a desolating； permanent exile。 。 。 。 Entire sacrifice
of existence。 。 。 。 An annual crop of young men torn from their
families and sent to death。〃 … Archives nationales； F7； 3014。 （Reports
of prefects； 1806。） After this date； and even from the beginning；
there is extreme repugnance which is only overcome by severe means。 。
。 。 （Ardeche。） 〃If the state of the country were to be judged of by
the results of the conscription one would have a poor idea of it。〃 …
（Ariège。） 〃At Brussac； district of Foix； four or five individuals arm
themselves with stones and knives to help a conscript escape； arrested
by the gendarmes。 。 。 。 A garrison was ordered to this commune。〃 … At
Massat； district of Saint…Girons； on a few brigades of gendarmes
entering this commune to establish a garrison； in order to hasten the
departure of refractory conscripts； they were stoned； a shot even was
fired at this troop。 。 。 。 A garrison was placed in these hamlets as
in the rest of the commune。 … During the night of Frimaire 16…17 last；
six strange men presented themselves before the prison of Saint…Girons
and loudly demanded Gouazé； a deserter and condemned。 On the jailor
coming down they seized him and struck him down。〃 … （Haute…Loire。）
〃'The flying column is under constant orders simultaneously against
the refractory and disobedient among the classes of the years IX； X；
XI； XII； and XIII； and against the laggards of that of year IV； of
which 134 men yet remain to be supplied。〃 … （Bouches…du…Rh？ne。） 〃50
deserter sailors and 84 deserters or conscripts of different classes
have been arrested。〃 … （Dordogne。） 〃Out of 1353 conscripts； 134 have
failed to reach their destination； 124 refractory or deserters from
the country and 41 others have been arrested； 81 conscripts have
surrendered as a result of placing a garrison amongst them； 186 have
not surrendered。 Out of 892 conscripts of the year XIV on the march；
101 deserted on the road。〃 … （Gard。） 〃76 refractory or deserters
arrested。〃 … （Landes。） 〃Out of 406 men who left； 51 deserted on the
way；〃 etc。 … This repugnance becomes more and more aggravated。 （Cf。
analogous reports of 1812 and 1813； F7； 3018 and 3019； in 〃Journal
d'un bourgeois d'Evreux；〃 p。 150 to 214； and 〃Histoire de 1814；〃 by
Henry Houssaye； p。8 to 24。）
＇66＇ Law of Fructidor； year VI。
＇67＇ Decree of July 29； 1811 （on the exemption of pupils in the école
Normale）。 … Decree of March 30； 1810； title II。； articles 2； 4； 5； 6
（on the police and system of the école Normale）。 … Decree on the
organization of the University； titles 6 and 13； March 7； 1808。
＇68＇ Law of Vent？se 17； year VIII； title III。； articles I and 13。 …
Law of Fructidor 8； year XIII； articles 50； 54； and 55。
＇69＇ Law of Fructidor 8； year XIII； article 51
＇70＇ Law of Vent？se 17； year VIII； title 3； article I。
＇71＇ Thibaudeau； p。 108。 （Speech of the First Consul before the
Council of State。） 〃Art； science and the professions must be thought
of。 We are not Spartans。 。 。 。 As to substitution； it must be allowed。
In a nation where fortunes are equal each individual should serve
personally； but； with a people whose existence depends on the
inequality of fortunes； the rich must be allowed the right of
substitution； only we must take care that the substitutes be good； and
that conscripts pay some of the money serving to defray the expense of
a part of the equipment of the army of reserve。〃
＇72＇ Pelet de La Lozère； 228。
＇73＇ Archives nationales； F7； 3014。 （Reports of prefects； 1806。）
Average price of a substitute： Basses Alpes； from 2；000 to 2；500
francs； Bouches…du…Rh？ne； from 1；800 to 3；000； Dordogne； 2；400； Gard；
3；000； Gers； 4；000； Haute…Garonne； from 2；000 to 3；000； Hérault；
4；000； Vaucluse； 2；500； Landes； 4；000。 Average rate of interest
（Ardèche）： 〃Money； which was from 11/4 to 11/2 ％； has declined； it is
now at 3 1/4 ％ a month or 10 ％ per annum。〃 … （Basses Alpes）： 〃The rate
of money has varied in commerce from 1 to 3/4 ％ per month。〃 … （Gard）：
〃Interest is at 1 ％ a month in commerce； proprietors can readily
borrow at 9 or 10 ％ per annum。〃 … （Hérault）： 〃The interest on money is
1 1/4 ％ per month。〃 … （Vaucluse）： 〃Money is from 3/4 to 11/4 ％ per
month。〃
＇74＇ Thiers； VII。； p。23 and 467。 In November 1806； Napoleon orders the
conscription of 1807； in March 1807； he orders the conscription of
1808； and so on； always from worse to worse。 … Decrees of 1808 and
1813 against young men of family already bought off or exempted。 …
〃Journal d'un Bourgeois d'Evreux；〃 214。 Desolate state of things in
1813； 〃general depression and discouragement。〃 … Miot de Mélito； III。；
304。 （Report of Miot to the Emperor after a tour in the departments in
1815。） 〃Everywhere； almost； the women are your declared enemies。〃
＇75＇ Law of Vent？se 17； year VIII； title 3； articles 6； 7； 8； 9。 …
Exemption is granted as a favor only to the ignorantin brothers and to
seminarians assigned to the priesthood。 … Cf。 the law of March 10；
1818； articles 15 and 18。
CHAPTER III。 Ambition and Self…esteem。
I。 Rights and benefits。
The assignment of right。 … Those out of favor and the preferred under
former governments。 … Under the Ancient Regime。 … During the
Revolution。 … French conception of Equality and Rights。 … Its
ingredients and its excesses。 … The satisfaction it obtains under the
new regime。 … Abolition of legal incapacity and equality in the
possession of rights。 … Confiscation of collective action and equality
in the deprivation of rights。 … Careers in the modern State。 … Equal
right of all to offices and to promotion。 … Napoleon's distribution of
employments。 … His staff of officials recruited from all classes and
parties。
Now that the State has just made a new allotment of the