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distinction； of passing ahead of some one else； is a national
sentiment。〃
＇21＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 II。； 248。 （Laff。 I。 p。 747。）
＇22＇ Napoleon； 〃Mémoires 〃（edited by M。 de Montholon； III。； 11…19）； on
the extraordinary ignorance of Cartaux。 … Ibid。； 23； on Doppet's
incapacity； the successor of Cartaux。
＇23＇ 〃The Revolution；〃 III。； 310。 （Laff。 II。 pp。 178…179。）
＇24＇ They called themselves exclusives under the Directory。 … Cf。 〃The
Revolution； II。； 23； 187； 196； 245； 297…303； 340…351； 354； book III。；
ch； 2 and 3； and book IV。 （Ed。 Laff。 I。 pp。 582； 701； pp。 709…710；
745； 782…787； 821…823 and in Vol。 II。 pp。 131…167； pp。 167…215 and pp
311…357。）
＇25＇ The declaration of Human Rights in 1789 stated that： 〃art。 1st；
§ 5。 Tous les citoyens sont egalement admissible aux emplois publics。
Les peuples ne connaissent d'autres motifs de préference； dans
élections； que les vertus et les talents。〃 Virtue in French is virtue
in English while talent in French must be translated as being both
talent and skill。 （SR。）
＇26＇ Madame de Rémusat； passim。 … Roederer； III。； 538 （January 1809）。
（Words of Napoleon） 〃I took a few of the old court into my
household。 They remained two years without speaking to me and six
months without seeing me 。 。 。 I don't like them … they are no good
for anything … their conversation is disagreeable to me。〃
＇27＇ Napoléon； 〃Mémoires。〃
＇28＇ Roederer； 〃Mémoires。〃
＇29＇ Taine uses the French expression 〃esprit〃 which might both mean
spirit； wit； mind or sense。
＇30＇ Roederer； 〃Mémoires； 〃III。； 281。 〃Men； under his government； who
had hitherto been considered incapable are made useful； men hitherto
considered distinguished found themselves mixed in with the crowd； men
hitherto regarded as the pillars of the State found themselves useless
。 。 。 An ass or a knave need never be ambitious to approach Bonaparte；
they will make nothing out of him。〃
＇31＇ Fiévée； 〃Correspondance；〃 III。； 33。 … Roederer； III。； 381。
＇32＇ Beugnot； 〃Mémoires；〃 II。； 372。
＇33＇ Lefebvre； a former sergeant in the French guards； who became
marshal of the empire and Duc de Dantzig； with 150；000 francs a year；
received the visit of a comrade who； instead of having mounted the
ladder as he had done； had remained at the bottom of it。 The marshal；
a fine fellow； welcomed his comrade heartily； and showed him over his
hotel。 The visitor's face gradually grew somber； and bitter words
escaped from his lips； he often murmured； 〃Ah； how lucky you are！〃 …
At last； the marshal； impatient； said to him； 〃Well； I will make all
this over to you on one condition。〃 … 〃What is it？〃 … 〃You must go
down into the court。 I will post two grenadiers at the window with
their guns； and they shall fire at you。 If they miss； you shall have
the hotel and everything in it。〃 … 〃Ah； no； thanks！〃 … 〃My friend；
more shots than these have been fired at me and nearer by！〃
＇34＇ Roederer； III。； 332 （Aug。 2； 1800）。
＇35＇ Papers of Maine de Biran。 （Note communicated by M。 Naville。）
Letter of Baron Maurice； prefect of Dordogne； to M。 Maine de Biran；
sub…prefect of Bergerac； transmitting to him by order of the minister
of the interior a blank form to be filled up by him presenting the
〃Statistics of young ladies belonging to the most notable families of
the arrondissement。〃 The form annexed contained several columns； one
for names and given names； others for the future inheritance of real
and personal estate； etc。 A clever or energetic prefect； provided with
this list； was able and was expected to take an active part in
marriages and see that all the large dowries were appropriated on the
right side。 … 〃Memoires de Madame de …；〃 part 3rd； ch。 VIII。； p。
154。 （These very instructive memoirs by a very sincere and judicious
person are still unpublished。 I am not authorized to give the name of
the author。） 〃It was at this time that the emperor took it into his
head to marry as he saw fit the young girls who had more than 50；000
livres rental。〃 A rich heiress of Lyons； intended for M。 Jules de
Polignac； is thus wedded to M。 de Marb？uf。 M。 d'Aligre； by dint of
address and celerity； evades for his daughter first M。 de Caulaincourt
and then M。 de Faudoas； brother…in…law to Savary； and in stead weds
her to M。 de Pommereu。 … Baron de Vitrolles； Mémoires； I。 19。 （His
daughter was designated by the prefect of the Basses…Alpes。） … Comte
Joseph d'Estourmel； 〃Souvenirs de France et d'Italie；〃 239。 （Details
of this description of the young ladies to be married and the circular
from the duke de Rovigo； minister of police。） the eight column of the
form was 〃reserved to describe the physical charms and deformities；
the talents； the conduct and the religious principles of each of the
young ladies。〃
＇36＇ 〃Statistiques des Préfets。〃 （Doubs； by Debry； p。 60； Meurthe； by
Marquis； p。 115； Ain； by Bossi； p。240。）
＇37＇ 〃Statistique de l'Ain；〃 by Bossi； p。 1808。 From 1140 in 1801； the
number of employees and others under state pay amounts to 1771 in
1806。 This increase is attributed by the prefect to causes just
stated。
＇38＇ Napoleon； 〃Correspondance。〃 （Note of April 11； 1811。） 〃There will
always be at Hamburg； Bremen and Lubeck from 8；000 to 10；000 French；
either employees or gendarmes； in the customs and depots。〃
＇39＇ One officer may be counted to every 50 men in the infantry； in
the cavalry 1 officer to every 25 or 30 men； … This ratio of one
officer to every fifty men indicates that； among the 1；700；000 men who
perished between 1804 and 1815； there were 24；000 officers； which
gives about 3；000 vacancies per annum； to which must be added the
vacancies due to the wounded； disabled and and retired。 It must be
noted； moreover； that the death or retirement of an officer above the
grade of second…lieutenant makes several vacancies； vacancies which
are more numerous the higher the rank。 When a captain is killed
there are three promotions and so on。
＇40＇ 〃The Revolution〃 III。； 335。 （Laff。 II。 p。 250） … Already； in
1795； the need of competent and specialized men was so great that the
government sought； even among royalists； for financial and diplomatic
heads of these services； it made offers to M。 Dufresne and to M。 de
Rayneval。 …Ib。 406。 … （Cf。 〃Mémoires〃 by Gaudin； Miot de Melito and
Mollien。）
＇41＇ Words of Bouquier； reporter of the law on education （session of
the Convention； Frimaire 22； year II）。
＇42＇ The reader is recommended to do as I have done and consult
biographies on point； also the souvenirs of his grandparents。
（H。A。Taine。）
＇43＇ Thibaudeau； 〃Mémoires sur la Consulat；〃 p。88。 （Exposition of
motives by Roederer to the corps Législatif； Floréal 25； year X。）
〃After all； it is the creation of a new currency of quite different
value from that which issues from the public treasury； a currency of
unchangeable worth and of an inexhaustible mine； since it lies in
French honor； a currency which can solely reward actions regarded as
above any recompense。〃
＇44＇ Thibaudeau； ibid。； 83。 （Address by the First Consul to the
council of State； Floréal 14； year X。） … Also 〃Mémorial〃： 〃Old and
corrupt nations are not governed the same as young and virtuous ones；
sacrifices have to be made to interest； to enjoyments； to vanity。 This
is the secret of the return to monarchical forms； to titles。 crosses；
ribbons； harmless baubles suited to exciting the respect of the
multitude while at the same time enforcing self…respect。〃
＇45＇ 〃La Légion d'honneur；〃 by M。 Mazas； passim。 Details on the
nomination ceremonials。 〃The veritable date was July 15th； as the 14th
was Sunday。 Augereau and about sixty officers； 〃bad fellows〃 who
disliked the mass； refused to go into the chapel and remained outside
in the court。
＇46＇ Several generals； Lecourbe； Souham ； etc。； were excluded as being
too republican or suspect and hostile。 Lemercier； Ducis； Delille； and
Lafayette refused。 Admiral Truguet； through pique and discontent； had
at first declined the grade of grand…officer； but finally changed his
mind and became at first commander and then grand…officer。
＇47＇ 〃Les Cahiers du capitaine Coignet；〃 passim and pp。 95； 145。 〃When
the ceremony was over； handsome women who could get at me to examine
my cross； asked me if they might give me a kiss。〃 … At the Palais
Royal the proprietor of a café says to him： 〃Order whatever you want；
the Legion of Honor is welcome to anything。〃
＇48＇ Mazas； ibid。； p。 413。 … Edmond Blanc； 〃Napoléon； ses institutions
civiles et administratives；〃 p。 279。 … The number of decorated； at
first； was to be 6；000。 In 1806； the emperor had nominated 14；500； and
taking his entire reign； until his fall； about 48；000。 The real force
of legionaries； however； then living does not surpass at this time
30；000； of which only 1；200 are in civil careers。 At the présent time；
December 1； 1888 （documents furnished by the reco