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legitimate ambition； in short； the small patrimony whose instinctive
cult forms the first step out of egoism and a march onward toward
thoughtful devotion to the large patrimony。 Cut apart by geometrical
shears； and designated by an entirely new geographical term； small
sections of the province became so many factitious agglomerations of
juxtaposed inhabitants； human assemblages without any soul； and； for
twenty years； the legislator fails to communicate to them that
semblance of spirit； the judicial quality of which it disposes； it is
only after 1811 that the departments arrive at civil proprietorship
and personality： this dignity； besides； the State confers only to
disburden itself and to burden them； to impose expenses on them which
hardly concern them but which do concern it； to compel them in its
place to support the costly maintenance of its prisons； police
quarters； courts of justice； and prefectorial mansions； even at this
late date； they are not yet； in the eyes of jurisconsults or before
the Council of State； incontestable proprietors and complete
personalities；＇53＇ they are not to be fully qualified in this sense
until the law of 1838。
Local society； accordingly； proves abortive over the whole 27；000
square leagues of territory； it is simply a legal figment； an
artificial grouping together of neighbors who do not find themselves
bound and incorporated together by neighborhood； in order that their
society might become viable and stimulating would require both commune
and department to have in mind and at heart the following idea； which
they no longer entertained：
〃We are all aboard the same ship； it is ours and we are its crew。 We
are here to manage it ourselves； with our own hands； each according to
his rank and position； each taking his part； little or big； in doing
his own work。〃
_____________________________________________________________________
Notes：
＇1＇ My understanding； today in 1999； that all people other animals by
nature are 'built' as egoists； that is to look out for themselves； to
preserve their life； protect their property and family。 As far as the
social （or gregarious） instincts are concerned then there are several
which manifest themselves in the correct and timely order during our
entire existence。 Some will regulate falling in love； others
procreation； others relationship between man and woman； others between
parents and children； at yet others the group and its choice and
submission to a leader。 One of the results is that everyone wants to
be important and accepted； another that a mob has drives or instincts
which may galvanize it into compassion； anger； fear and action。 To
this must be added that all people can remember； not only what they
have tried； but also what they have seen or heard about。 They also
tend to imagine that others react in the same way as they themselves
do。 This allows them to look ahead and imagine various possible
scenarios。 They are also aware of how they would want to be dealt with
by others。 （SR。）
＇2＇ That is what has happened during communism where men worked as
little as possible since the principle of equality made most effort
rest without reward。
＇3＇ The so…called 〃Centimes additionels〃 was an increase in certain
taxes to be paid to the communes and departments。
＇4＇ Rocquain； 〃L'état de la France au 18 Brumaire〃 （report by
Fourcroy； pp。 138； 166）〃： A sack of wheat worth 18 francs at Nantes
costs an equal sum for its cartage to Brest。 I have seen carters
plodding along； seven or eight in a line； each with six or eight
strong horses dragging their vehicles and alternately helping each
other； their horses hauling their carts out of ruts into which they
had got stuck 。 。 。 In many places； I was grieved to see carts and
wagons leaving the high…road and traversing； in spaces from 100 to 200
yards wide； the plowed ground； when each made his own road 。 。 。 。 The
carters sometimes make only three or four leagues from morning to
night。〃 … Hence； a dearth of provisions at Brest。 〃We are assured that
the people have long been on half…rations； or even quarter rations。〃 …
And yet； 〃 There is now in the river； at Nantes； from four to five
hundred boats loaded with grain； they have been there for months； and
their number increases daily。 Their cargoes are deteriorating and
becoming damaged。〃
＇5＇ Ibid。； preface and summary； p。41 （on the dikes and works of
protection against inundations at Dol in Brittany； at Fréjus； in
Camargue； in Lower Rhine； in Nord； in Pas…de…Calais； at Ostende and
Blankenberg； at Rochefort； at La Rochelle； etc。）。 At Blankenberg； a
gale sufficed to carry away the dike and let in the sea。 〃The dread of
some disaster which would ruin a large portion of the departments of
the Lys and of the Escaut kept the inhabitants constantly in a state
of frightful anxiety。〃
＇6＇ Hence the additional centimes to the tax on doors and windows； the
number of which indicates approximately the value of the rent。 Hence
also the additional centimes to the personal tax； which is
proportionate to the rent； this being considered as the most exact
indication of domestic expenditure。
＇7＇ Hence the communal 〃additional centimes〃 to the tax on business
licenses。
＇8＇ Hence the 〃 additional centimes〃 to the land tax。
＇9＇ Today； in 1999； we may in Denmark observe how the contemporary
oligarchy of non…violent Jacobins； have transformed the local
authorities into tools of the central government which through an all
permeating administration； has replaced the authority of the father
and the solidarity of the family with a communal care and
supervision。（SR。）。
＇10＇ Syndicates of this kind are instituted by the law of June 25；
1865； 〃between proprietors interested in the execution and maintenance
of public works： 1st； Protection against the sea； inundations；
torrents； and navigable or non…navigable rivers； 2d； Works in
deepening； repairing； and regulating canals and non…navigable water…
courses； and ditches for draining and irrigation； 3d； Works for the
drainage of marshes； 4th； Locks and other provisions necessary in
working salt marshes； 5th； Drainage of wet and unhealthy ground。〃 …
〃Proprietors interested in the execution of the above…mentioned works
may unite in an authorized syndical company； either on the demand of
one or of several among them； or on the initiative of the prefect。〃 …
（Instead of authorized； we must read forced； and we then find that the
association may be imposed on all interested parties； on the demand of
one alone； or even without any one's demand。） … Like the Annecy
building； these syndicates enable one to reach the fundamental element
of local society。 Cf。 the law of September 26； 1807 （on the drainage
of marshes）； and the law of April 21； 1810 （on mines and the two
owners of the mine； one of the surface and the other of the subsoil；
both likewise partners； and no less forcibly so through physical
solidarity。）
＇11＇ See 〃The Revolution；〃 vol。 I。； passim。 （Ed。 Laff。 I。 pp。 315…
445）。
＇12＇ Two kinds of police must be distinguished one from the other。 The
first is general and belongs to the State： its business is to repress
and prevent； outside and inside； all aggression against private and
public property。 The second is municipal； and belongs to the local
society： its business is to see to the proper use of the public roads；
and other matters； which； like water； air； and light； are enjoyed in
common； it undertakes； also； to forestall the risks and dangers of
imprudence； negligence； and filth； which any aggregation of men never
fails to engender。 The provinces of these two police forces join and
penetrate each other at many points； hence； each of the two is the
auxiliary； and； if need be； the substitute of the other。
＇13＇ Rocquain； 〃l'état de la France au 18 Brumaire；〃 passim。
＇14＇ Raynouard； 〃Histoire du droit municipal；〃II。； 356； and Dareste；
〃Histoire de l'administration en France；〃 I。； 209； 222。 （Creation of
the posts of municipal mayor and assessors by the king； in 1692； for a
money consideration。） 〃These offices were obtained by individuals；
along with hereditary title； now attached to communities； that is to
say； bought in by these；〃 which put in their possession the right of
election。 … The king frequently took back these offices which he had
sold； and sold them over again。 In 1771； especially； he takes them
back； and； it seems； to keep them forever； but he always reserves the
right of alienating them for money。 For example （Augustin Thierry；
〃Documens sur l'histoire du tiers état；〃 III。； 319）； an act of the
royal council； dated October 1； 1772； accepts 70；000 francs from the
town of Amiens for the repurchase of the installment of its
magistracies； and defining these magistracies； as well as the mode of
election according to which the future incumbents shall be appointed。
Provence frequent