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borrowed aid of a stove； whose fumigation； instead of inspiration； would at best have produced what Mr。 Pope calls a souterkin of wit。 I will show your letter to Duval； by way of justification for not answering his challenge； and I think he must allow the validity of it； for a frozen brain is as unfit to answer a challenge in poetry； as a blunt sword is for a single combat。
You may if you please； and therefore I flatter myself that you will； profit considerably by your stay at Berlin； in the article of manners and useful knowledge。 Attention to what you will see and hear there； together with proper inquiries； and a little care and method in taking notes of what is more material； will procure you much useful knowledge。 Many young people are so light； so dissipated； and so incurious； that they can hardly be said to see what they see； or hear what they hear： that is； they hear in so superficial and inattentive a manner； that they might as well not see nor hear at all。 For instance； if they see a public building； as a college； an hospital； an arsenal； etc。； they content themselves with the first 'coup d'oeil'； and neither take the time nor the trouble of informing themselves of the material parts of them； which are the constitution； the rules； and the order and economy in the inside。 You will； I hope； go deeper； and make your way into the substance of things。 For example； should you see a regiment reviewed at Berlin or Potsdam； instead of contenting yourself with the general glitter of the collective corps； and saying； 'par maniere d'acquit'； that is very fine； I hope you will ask what number of troops or companies it consists of； what number of officers of the Etat Major； and what number of subalternes； how many 'bas officiers'； or non…commissioned officers； as sergeants； corporals； 'anspessades； frey corporals'； etc。； their pay； their clothing； and by whom； whether by the colonels； or captains； or commissaries appointed for that purpose； to whom they are accountable； the method of recruiting； completing； etc。
The same in civil matters： inform yourself of the jurisdiction of a court of justice； of the rules and numbers and endowments of a college； or an academy； and not only of the dimensions of the respective edifices； and let your letters to me contain these informations； in proportion as you acquire them。
I often reflect； with the most flattering hopes； how proud I shall be of you； if you should profit； as you may； of the opportunities which you have had； still have； and will have； of arriving at perfection； and； on the other hand； with dread of the grief and shame you will give me if you do not。 May the first be the case！ God bless you！
LETTER LXIV
LONDON； February 7； O。 S。 1749。
DEAR BOY： You are now come to an age capable of reflection； and I hope you will do； what； however； few people at your age do； exert it for your own sake in the search of truth and sound knowledge。 I will confess （for I am not unwilling to discover my secrets to you） that it is not many years since I have presumed to reflect for myself。 Till sixteen or seventeen I had no reflection； and for many years after that； I made no use of what I had。 I adopted the notions of the books I read； or the company I kept； without examining whether they were just or not； and I rather chose to run the risk of easy error； than to take the time and trouble of investigating truth。 Thus； partly from laziness； partly from dissipation； and partly from the 'mauvaise honte' of rejecting fashionable notions； I was （as I have since found） hurried away by prejudices； instead of being guided by reason； and quietly cherished error； instead of seeking for truth。 But since I have taken the trouble of reasoning for myself； and have had the courage to own that I do so； you cannot imagine how much my notions of things are altered； and in how different a light I now see them； from that in which I formerly viewed them； through the deceitful medium of prejudice or authority。 Nay； I may possibly still retain many errors； which； from long habit； have perhaps grown into real opinions； for it is very difficult to distinguish habits； early acquired and long entertained； from the result of our reason and reflection。
My first prejudice （for I do not mention the prejudices of boys； and women； such as hobgoblins； ghosts； dreams； spilling salt； etc。） was my classical enthusiasm； which I received from the books I read； and the masters who explained them to me。 I was convinced there had been no common sense nor common honesty in the world for these last fifteen hundred years； but that they were totally extinguished with the ancient Greek and Roman governments。 Homer and Virgil could have no faults； because they were ancient； Milton and Tasso could have no merit； because they were modern。 And I could almost have said； with regard to the ancients； what Cicero； very absurdly and unbecomingly for a philosopher； says with regard to Plato； 'Cum quo errare malim quam cum aliis recte sentire'。 Whereas now； without any extraordinary effort of genius； I have discovered that nature was the same three thousand years ago as it is at present； that men were but men then as well as now； that modes and customs vary often； but that human nature is always the same。 And I can no more suppose that men were better； braver； or wiser； fifteen hundred or three thousand years ago； than I can suppose that the animals or vegetables were better then than they are now。 I dare assert too； in defiance of the favorers of the ancients； that Homer's hero； Achilles； was both a brute and a scoundrel； and consequently an improper character for the hero of an epic poem； he had so little regard for his country； that he would not act in defense of it； because he had quarreled with Agamemnon about a w…e； and then afterward； animated by private resentment only； he went about killing people basely； I will call it； because he knew himself invulnerable； and yet； invulnerable as he was； he wore the strongest armor in the world； which I humbly apprehend to be a blunder； for a horse…shoe clapped to his vulnerable heel would have been sufficient。 On the other hand； with submission to the favorers of the moderns； I assert with Mr。 Dryden； that the devil is in truth the hero of Milton's poem； his plan； which he lays； pursues； and at last executes； being the subject of the poem。 From all which considerations I impartially conclude that the ancients had their excellencies and their defects； their virtues and their vices； just like the moderns； pedantry and affectation of learning decide clearly in favor of the former； vanity and ignorance； as peremptorily in favor of the latter。 Religious prejudices kept pace with my classical ones； and there was a time when I thought it impossible for the honestest man in the world to be saved out of the pale of the Church of England； not considering that matters of opinion do not depend upon the will； and that it is as natural； and as allowable； that another man should differ in opinion from me； as that I should differ from him； and that if we are both sincere； we are both blameless； and should consequently have mutual indulgence for each other。
The next prejudices that I adopted were those of the 'beau monde'； in which as I was determined to shine； I took what are commonly called the genteel vices to be necessary。 I had heard them reckoned so； and without further inquiry I believed it； or at least should have been ashamed to have denied it； for fear of exposing myself to the ridicule of those whom I considered as the models of fine gentlemen。 But I am now neither ashamed nor afraid to assert that those genteel vices； as they are falsely called； are only so many blemishes in the character of even a man of the world and what is called a fine gentleman； and degrade him in the opinions of those very people； to whom he； hopes to recommend himself by them。 Nay； this prejudice often extends so far； that I have known people pretend to vices they had not； instead of carefully concealing those they had。
Use and assert your own reason； reflect； examine； and analyze everything； in order to form a sound and mature judgment； let no （authority） impose upon your understanding； mislead your actions； or dictate your conversation。 Be early what； if you are not； you will when too late wish you had been。 Consult your reason betimes： I do not say that it will always prove an unerring guide； for human reason is not infallible； but it will prove the least erring guide that you can follow。 Books and conversation may assist it； but adopt neither blindly and implicitly； try both by that best rule； which God has given to direct us； reason。 Of all the troubles； do not decline； as many people do； that of thinking。 The herd of mankind can hardly be said to think； their notions are almost all adoptive； and； in general； I believe it is better that it should be so； as such common prejudices contribute more to order and quiet than their own separate reasonings would do； uncultivated and unimproved as they are。 We have many of those useful prejudices in this country； which I should be very sorry to see removed。 The good Protestant conviction； that the Pope is both Antichrist and the Whore of Babylon；