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gion and legal order； nay； that it even knows how to profit by the authority of both； in order the more surely to satiate with blood the sword of long…suppressed revenge。
The persecution of the Jews commenced in September and October； 1348； at Chillon； on the Lake of Geneva； where the first criminal proceedings were instituted against them； after they had long before been accused by the people of poisoning the wells； similar scenes followed in Bern and Freyburg； in January； 1349。 Under the influence of excruciating suffering； the tortured Jews confessed themselves guilty of the crime imputed to them； and it being affirmed that poison had in fact been found in a well at Zoffingen； this was deemed a sufficient proof to convince the world； and the persecution of the abhorred culprits thus appeared justifiable。 Now； though we can take as little exception at these proceedings as at the multifarious confessions of witches； because the interrogatories of the fanatical and sanguinary tribunals were so complicated； that by means of the rack the required answer must inevitably be obtained； and it is； besides； conformable to human nature that crimes which are in everybody's mouth may； in the end； be actually committed by some； either from wantonness； revenge； or desperate exasperation： yet crimes and accusations are； under circumstances like these； merely the offspring of a revengeful； frenzied spirit in the people； and the accusers； according to the fundamental principles of morality； which are the same in every age； are the more guilty transgressors。
Already in the autumn of 1348 a dreadful panic； caused by this supposed empoisonment； seized all nations； in Germany especially the springs and wells were built over； that nobody might drink of them or employ their contents for culinary purposes； and for a long time the inhabitants of numerous towns and villages used only river and rain water。 The city gates were also guarded with the greatest caution： only confidential persons were admitted； and if medicine or any other article； which might be supposed to be poisonous； was found in the possession of a strangerand it was natural that some should have these things by them for their private usethey were forced to swallow a portion of it。 By this trying state of privation； distrust； and suspicion； the hatred against the supposed poisoners became greatly increased； and often broke out in popular commotions； which only served still further to infuriate the wildest passions。 The noble and the mean fearlessly bound themselves by an oath to extirpate the Jews by fire and sword； and to snatch them from their protectors； of whom the number was so small； that throughout all Germany but few places can be mentioned where these unfortunate people were not regarded as outlaws and martyred and burnt。 Solemn summonses were issued from Bern to the towns of Basle； Freyburg in the Breisgau； and Strasburg； to pursue the Jews as poisoners。 The burgomasters and senators； indeed； opposed this requisition； but in Basle the populace obliged them to bind themselves by an oath to burn the Jews； and to forbid persons of that community from entering their city for the space of two hundred years。 Upon this all the Jews in Basle； whose number could not have been inconsiderable； were enclosed in a wooden building； constructed for the purpose； and burnt together with it； upon the mere outcry of the people； without sentence or trial； which； indeed； would have availed them nothing。 Soon after the same thing took place at Freyburg。 A regular Diet was held at Bennefeld； in Alsace； where the bishops； lords； and barons； as also deputies of the counties and towns； consulted how they should proceed with regard to the Jews； and when the deputies of Strasburgnot indeed the bishop of this town； who proved himself a violent fanaticspoke in favour of the persecuted； as nothing criminal was substantiated against them； a great outcry was raised； and it was vehemently asked； why； if so； they had covered their wells and removed their buckets。 A sanguinary decree was resolved upon； of which the populace； who obeyed the call of the nobles and superior clergy； became but the too willing executioners。 Wherever the Jews were not burnt； they were at least banished； and so being compelled to wander about； they fell into the hands of the country people； who； without humanity； and regardless of all laws； persecuted them with fire and sword。 At Spires； the Jews； driven to despair； assembled in their own habitations； which they set on fire； and thus consumed themselves with their families。 The few that remained were forced to submit to baptism； while the dead bodies of the murdered； which lay about the streets； were put into empty wine…casks and rolled into the Rhine； lest they should infect the air。 The mob was forbidden to enter the ruins of the habitations that were burnt in the Jewish quarter； for the senate itself caused search to be made for the treasure； which is said to have been very considerable。 At Strasburg two thousand Jews were burnt alive in their own burial…ground； where a large scaffold had been erected： a few who promised to embrace Christianity were spared； and their children taken from the pile。 The youth and beauty of several females also excited some commiseration； and they were snatched from death against their will； many； however； who forcibly made their escape from the flames were murdered in the streets。
The senate ordered all pledges and bonds to be returned to the debtors； and divided the money among the work…people。 Many； however； refused to accept the base price of blood； and； indignant at the scenes of bloodthirsty avarice； which made the infuriated multitude forget that the plague was raging around them； presented it to monasteries； in conformity with the advice of their confessors。 In all the countries on the Rhine； these cruelties continued to be perpetrated during the succeeding months； and after quiet was in some degree restored； the people thought to render an acceptable service to God； by taking the bricks of the destroyed dwellings； and the tombstones of the Jews； to repair churches and to erect belfries。
In Mayence alone； 12；000 Jews are said to have been put to a cruel death。 The Flagellants entered that place in August； the Jews； on this occasion； fell out with the Christians and killed several； but when they saw their inability to withstand the increasing superiority of their enemies； and that nothing could save them from destruction； they consumed themselves and their families by setting fire to their dwellings。 Thus also； in other places； the entry of the Flagellants gave rise to scenes of slaughter； and as thirst for blood was everywhere combined with an unbridled spirit of proselytism； a fanatic zeal arose among the Jews to perish as martyrs to their ancient religion。 And how was it possible that they could from the heart embrace Christianity； when its precepts were never more outrageously violated？ At Eslingen the whole Jewish community burned themselves in their synagogue； and mothers were often seen throwing their children on the pile； to prevent their being baptised； and then precipitating themselves into the flames。 In short； whatever deeds fanaticism； revenge； avarice and desperation； in fearful combination； could instigate mankind to perform；and where in such a case is the limit？were executed in the year 1349 throughout Germany； Italy； and France； with impunity； and in the eyes of all the world。 It seemed as if the plague gave rise to scandalous acts and frantic tumults； not to mourning and grief； and the greater part of those who； by their education and rank； were called upon to raise the voice of reason； themselves led on the savage mob to murder and to plunder。 Almost all the Jews who saved their lives by baptism were afterwards burnt at different times； for they continued to be accused of poisoning the water and the air。 Christians also； whom philanthropy or gain had induced to offer them protection； were put on the rack and executed with them。 Many Jews who had embraced Christianity repented of their apostacy； and； returning to their former faith； sealed it with their death。
The humanity and prudence of Clement VI。 must； on this occasion； also be mentioned to his honour； but even the highest ecclesiastical power was insufficient to restrain the unbridled fury of the people。 He not only protected the Jews at Avignon； as far as lay in his power； but also issued two bulls； in which he declared them innocent； and admonished all Christians； though without success； to cease from such groundless persecutions。 The Emperor Charles IV。 was also favourable to them； and sought to avert their destruction wherever he could； but he dared not draw the sword of justice； and even found himself obliged to yield to the selfishness of the Bohemian nobles； who were unwilling to forego so favourable an opportunity of releasing themselves from their Jewish creditors； under favour of an imperial mandate。 Duke Albert of Austria burnt and pillaged those of his cities which had persecuted the Jewsa vain and inhuman proceeding； which； moreover； is not exempt from the suspicion of covetousness； yet he was unable； in his own fortress of