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he mind； induced by religious enthusiasm； are also exciting causes of these fits； but like all such false tokens of divine workings； they are easily encountered by producing in the patient a different frame of mind； and especially by exciting a sense of shame： thus those affected are under the control of any sensible preacher； who knows how to 〃administer to a mind diseased；〃 and to expose the folly of voluntarily yielding to a sympathy so easily resisted； or of inviting such attacks by affectation。 An intelligent and pious minister of Shetland informed the physician； who gives an account of this disorder as an eye…witness； that being considerably annoyed on his first introduction into the country by these paroxysms； whereby the devotions of the church were much impeded； he obviated their repetition by assuring his parishioners that no treatment was more effectual than immersion in cold water； and as his kirk was fortunately contiguous to a freshwater lake； he gave notice that attendants should be at hand during divine service to ensure the proper means of cure。 The sequel need scarcely be told。 The fear of being carried out of the church； and into the water； acted like a charm； not a single Naiad was made； and the worthy minister for many years had reason to boast of one of the best regulated congregations in Scotland。 As the physician above alluded to was attending divine service in the kirk of Baliasta； on the Isle of Unst； a female shriek； the indication of a convulsion fit； was heard； the minister； Mr。 Ingram； of Fetlar； very properly stopped his discourse until the disturber was removed； and after advising all those who thought they might be similarly affected to leave the church； he gave out in the meantime a psalm。 The congregation was thus preserved from further interruption； yet the effect of sympathy was not prevented； for as the narrator of the account was leaving the church he saw several females writhing and tossing about their arms on the green grass； who durst not； for fear of a censure from the pulpit； exhibit themselves after this manner within the sacred walls of the kirk。
In the production of this disorder； which no doubt still exists； fanaticism certainly had a smaller share than the irritable state of women out of health； who only needed excitement； no matter of what kind； to throw them into prevailing nervous paroxysms。 When； however； that powerful cause of nervous disorders takes the lead； we find far more remarkable symptoms developed； and it then depends on the mental condition of the people among whom they appear whether in their spread they shall take a narrow or an extended rangewhether confined to some small knot of zealots they are to vanish without a trace； or whether they are to attain even historical importance。
5。 The appearance of the Convulsionnaires in France； whose inhabitants； from the greater mobility of their blood； have in general been the less liable to fanaticism； is in this respect instructive and worthy of attention。 In the year 1727 there died in the capital of that country the Deacon Paris； a zealous opposer of the Ultramontanists； division having arisen in the French Church on account of the bull 〃Unigenitus。〃 People made frequent visits to his tomb in the cemetery of St。 Medard； and four years afterwards （in September； 1731） a rumour was spread that miracles took place there。 Patients were seized with convulsions and tetanic spasms； rolled upon the ground like persons possessed； were thrown into violent contortions of their heads and limbs； and suffered the greatest oppression； accompanied by quickness and irregularity of pulse。 This novel occurrence excited the greatest sensation all over Paris； and an immense concourse of people resorted daily to the above…named cemetery in order to see so wonderful a spectacle； which the Ultramontanists immediately interpreted as a work of Satan； while their opponents ascribed it to a divine influence。 The disorder soon increased； until it produced； in nervous women； clairvoyance （Schlafwachen）； a phenomenon till then unknown； for one female especially attracted attention； who； blindfold； and； as it was believed； by means of the sense of smell； read every writing that was placed before her； and distinguished the characters of unknown persons。 The very earth taken from the grave of the Deacon was soon thought to possess miraculous power。 It was sent to numerous sick persons at a distance； whereby they were said to have been cured； and thus this nervous disorder spread far beyond the limits of the capital； so that at one time it was computed that there were more than eight hundred decided Convulsionnaires； who would hardly have increased so much in numbers had not Louis XV directed that the cemetery should be closed。 The disorder itself assumed various forms； and augmented by its attacks the general excitement。 Many persons； besides suffering from the convulsions； became the subjects of violent pain； which required the assistance of their brethren of the faith。 On this account they； as well as those who afforded them aid； were called by the common title of Secourists。 The modes of relief adopted were remarkably in accordance with those which were administered to the St。 John's dancers and the Tarantati； and they were in general very rough； for the sufferers were beaten and goaded in various parts of the body with stones； hammers； swords； clubs； &c。； of which treatment the defenders of this extraordinary sect relate the most astonishing examples in proof that severe pain is imperatively demanded by nature in this disorder as an effectual counter…irritant。 The Secourists used wooden clubs in the same manner as paviors use their mallets； and it is stated that some Convulsionnaires have borne daily from six to eight thousand blows thus inflicted without danger。 One Secourist administered to a young woman who was suffering under spasm of the stomach the most violent blows on that part； not to mention other similar cases which occurred everywhere in great numbers。 Sometimes the patients bounded from the ground； impelled by the convulsions； like fish when out of water； and this was so frequently imitated at a later period that the women and girls； when they expected such violent contortions； not wishing to appear indecent； put on gowns make like sacks； closed at the feet。 If they received any bruises by falling down they were healed with earth from the grave of the uncanonised saint。 They usually； however； showed great agility in this respect； and it is scarcely necessary to remark that the female sex especially was distinguished by all kinds of leaping and almost inconceivable contortions of body。 Some spun round on their feet with incredible rapidity； as is related of the dervishes； others ran their heads against walls； or curved their bodies like rope… dancers； so that their heels touched their shoulders。
All this degenerated at length into decided insanity。 A certain Convulsionnaire； at Vernon； who had formerly led rather a loose course of life； employed herself in confessing the other sex； in other places women of this sect were seen imposing exercises of penance on priests； during which these were compelled to kneel before them。 Others played with children's rattles； or drew about small carts； and gave to these childish acts symbolical significations。 One Convulsionnaire even made believe to shave her chin； and gave religious instruction at the same time； in order to imitate Paris； the worker of miracles； who； during this operation； and whilst at table； was in the habit of preaching。 Some had a board placed across their bodies； upon which a whole row of men stood； and as； in this unnatural state of mind； a kind of pleasure is derived from excruciating pain； some too were seen who caused their bosoms to be pinched with tongs； while others； with gowns closed at the feet； stood upon their heads； and remained in that position longer than would have been possible had they been in health。 Pinault； the advocate； who belonged to this sect； barked like a dog some hours every day； and even this found imitation among the believers。
The insanity of the Convulsionnaires lasted without interruption until the year 1790； and during these fifty…nine years called forth more lamentable phenomena that the enlightened spirits of the eighteenth century would be willing to allow。 The grossest immorality found in the secret meetings of the believers a sure sanctuary； and in their bewildering devotional exercises a convenient cloak。 It was of no avail that； in the year 1762； the Grand Secours was forbidden by act of parliament； for thenceforth this work was carried on in secrecy； and with greater zeal than ever； it was in vain； too； that some physicians； and among the rest the austere； pious Hecquet； and after him Lorry； attributed the conduct of the Convulsionnaires to natural causes。 Men of distinction among the upper classes； as； for instance； Montgeron the deputy； and Lambert an ecclesiastic （obt。 1813）； stood forth as the defenders of this sect； and the numerous writings which were exchanged on the subject served； by the importance which they thus attached to it； to give it stability。 The revolution finally shook the structure of t