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h carved wooden garlands； between the windows on opposite sides of the room； and had put a clock； in a case of tortoise shell； inlaid with copper； upon the mantel…shelf。 The doctor seldom occupied the salon； its atmosphere was damp and close； like that of a room that is always kept shut。 Memories of the dead cure still lingered about it； the peculiar scent of his tobacco seemed to pervade the corner by the hearth where he had been wont to sit。 The two great easy…chairs were symmetrically arranged on either side of the fire； which had not been lighted since the time of M。 Gravier's visit； the bright flames from the pine logs lighted the room。
〃The evenings are chilly even now；〃 said Benassis； 〃it is pleasant to see a fire。〃
Genestas was meditating。 He was beginning to understand the doctor's indifference to his every…day surroundings。
〃It is surprising to me； sir； that you； who possess real public spirit； should have made no effort to enlighten the Government； after accomplishing so much。〃
Benassis began to laugh； but without bitterness； he said； rather sadly：
〃You mean that I should draw up some sort of memorial on various ways of civilizing France？ You are not the first to suggest it； sir； M。 Gravier has forestalled you。 Unluckily； Governments cannot be enlightened； and a Government which regards itself as a diffuser of light is the least open to enlightenment。 What we have done for our canton； every mayor ought； of course； to do for his； the magistrate should work for his town； the sub…prefect for his district； the prefect for the department； and the minister for France； each acting in his own sphere of interest。 For the few miles of country road that I persuaded our people to make； another would succeed in constructing a canal or a highway； and for my encouragement of the peasants' trade in hats； a minister would emancipate France from the industrial yoke of the foreigner by encouraging the manufacture of clocks in different places； by helping to bring to perfection our iron and steel； our tools and appliances； or by bringing silk or dyer's woad into cultivation。
〃In commerce； 'encouragement；' does not mean protection。 A really wise policy should aim at making a country independent of foreign supply； but this should be effected without resorting to the pitiful shifts of customs duties and prohibitions。 Industries must work out their own salvation； competition is the life of trade。 A protected industry goes to sleep； and monopoly； like the protective tariff； kills it outright。 The country upon which all others depend for their supplies will be the land which will promulgate free trade； for it will be conscious of its power to produce its manufactures at prices lower than those of any of its competitors。 France is in a better position to attain this end than England； for France alone possesses an amount of territory sufficiently extensive to maintain a supply of agricultural produce at prices that will enable the worker to live on low wages； the Administration should keep this end in view； for therein lies the whole modern question。 I have not devoted my life to this study； dear sir； I found my work by accident； and late in the day。 Such simple things as these are too slight； moreover； to build into a system； there is nothing wonderful about them； they do not lend themselves to theories； it is their misfortune to be merely practically useful。 And then work cannot be done quickly。 The man who means to succeed in these ways must daily look to find within himself the stock of courage needed for the day； a courage in reality of the rarest kind； though it does not seem hard to practise； and meets with little recognitionthe courage of the schoolmaster； who must say the same things over and over again。 We all honor the man who has shed his blood on the battlefield； as you have done； but we ridicule this other whose life… fire is slowly consumed in repeating the same words to children of the same age。 There is no attraction for any of us in obscure well…doing。 We know nothing of the civic virtue that led the great men of ancient times to serve their country in the lowest rank whenever they did not command。 Our age is afflicted with a disease that makes each of us seek to rise above his fellows； and there are more saints than shrines among us。
〃This is how it has come to pass。 The monarchy fell； and we lost Honor； Christian Virtue faded with the religion of our forefathers； and our own ineffectual attempts at government have destroyed Patriotism。 Ideas can never utterly perish； so these beliefs linger on in our midst； but they do not influence the great mass of the people； and Society has no support but Egoism。 Every individual believes in himself。 For us the future means egoism； further than that we cannot see。 The great man who shall save us from the shipwreck which is imminent will no doubt avail himself of individualism when he makes a nation of us once more； but until this regeneration comes； we bide our time in a materialistic and utilitarian age。 Utilitarianismto this conclusion we have come。 We are all rated； not at our just worth； but according to our social importance。 People will scarcely look at an energetic man if he is in shirt…sleeves。 The Government itself is pervaded by this idea。 A minister sends a paltry medal to a sailor who has saved a dozen lives at the risk of his own； while the deputy who sells his vote to those in power receives the Cross of the Legion of Honor。
〃Woe to a people made up of such men as these！ For nations； like men； owe all the strength and vitality that is in them to noble thoughts and aspirations； and men's feelings shape their faith。 But when self… interest has taken the place of faith and each one of us thinks only of himself； and believes in himself alone； how can you expect to find among us much of that civil courage whose very essence consists in self…renunciation？ The same principle underlies both military and civil courage； although you soldiers are called upon to yield your lives up once and for all； while ours are given slowly drop by drop； and the battle is the same for both； although it takes different forms。
〃The man who would fain civilize the lowliest spot on earth needs something besides wealth for the task。 Knowledge is still more necessary； and knowledge； and patriotism； and integrity are worthless unless they are accompanied by a firm determination on his part to set his own personal interests completely aside； and to devote himself to a social idea。 France； no doubt； possesses more than one well…educated man and more than one patriot in every commune； but I am fully persuaded that not every canton can produce a man who to these valuable qualifications unites the unflagging will and pertinacity with which a blacksmith hammers out iron。
〃The Destroyer and the Builder are two manifestations of Will； the one prepares the way； and the other accomplishes the work； the first appears in the guise of a spirit of evil； and the second seems like the spirit of good。 Glory falls to the Destroyer； while the Builder is forgotten； for evil makes a noise in the world that rouses little souls to admiration； while good deeds are slow to make themselves heard。 Self…love leads us to prefer the more conspicuous part。 If it should happen that any public work is undertaken without an interested motive； it will only be by accident； until the day when education has changed our ways of regarding things in France。
〃Yet suppose that this change had come to pass； and that all of us were public…spirited citizens； in spite of our comfortable lives among trivialities； should we not be in a fair way to become the most wearied； wearisome； and unfortunate race of philistines under the sun？
〃I am not at the helm of State； the decision of great questions of this kind is not within my province； but； setting these considerations aside； there are other difficulties in the way of laying down hard and fast rules as to government。 In the matter of civilization； everything is relative。 Ideas that suit one country admirably are fatal in anothermen's minds are as various as the soils of the globe。 If we have so often been ill governed； it is because a faculty for government； like taste； is the outcome of a very rare and lofty attitude of mind。 The qualifications for the work are found in a natural bent of the soul rather than in the possession of scientific formulae。 No one need fear； however； to call himself a statesman； for his actions and motives cannot be justly estimated； his real judges are far away； and the results of his deeds are even more remote。 We have a great respect here in France for men of ideasa keen intellect exerts a great attraction for us； but ideas are of little value where a resolute will is the one thing needful。 Administration； as a matter of fact； does not consist in forcing more or less wise methods and ideas upon the great mass of the nation； but in giving to the ideas； good or bad； that they already possess a practical turn which will make them conduce to the general welfare of the State。 If old… established prejudices and customs bring a country into a bad way； the people will renounce their errors of their own accord。 Are not losses the result of economical errors of