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that in plotting against Jesus the priests and rulers were following in the steps of their fathers； and would bring fresh calamities upon the nation。 Nicodemus shared these feelings。 In a
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council of the Sanhedrin； when the course to be pursued toward Jesus was considered； Nicodemus advised caution and moderation。 He urged that if Jesus was really invested with authority from God； it would be perilous to reject His warnings。 The priests dared not disregard this counsel； and for the time they took no open measures against the Saviour。
Since hearing Jesus； Nicodemus had anxiously studied the prophecies relating to the Messiah； and the more he searched； the stronger was his conviction that this was the One who was to come。 With many others in Israel he had been greatly distressed by the profanation of the temple He was a witness of the scene when Jesus drove out the buyers and the sellers； he beheld the wonderful manifestation of divine power； he saw the Saviour receiving the poor and healing the sick； he saw their looks of joy； and heard their words of praise； and he could not doubt that Jesus of Nazareth was the Sent of God。
He greatly desired an interview with Jesus； but shrank from seeking Him openly。 It would be too humiliating for a ruler of the Jews to acknowledge himself in sympathy with a teacher as yet so little known。 And should his visit come to the knowledge of the Sanhedrin； it would draw upon him their scorn and denunciation。 He resolved upon a secret interview； excusing this on the ground that if he were to go openly； others might follow his example。 Learning by special inquiry the Saviour's place of retirement in the Mount of Olives； he waited until the city was hushed in slumber； and then sought Him。
In the presence of Christ； Nicodemus felt a strange timidity； which he endeavored to conceal under an air of composure and dignity。 〃Rabbi；〃 he said； 〃we know that Thou art a teacher come from God： for no man can do these miracles that Thou doest； except God be with him。〃 By speaking of Christ's rare gifts as a teacher； and also of His wonderful power to perform miracles； he hoped to pave the way for his interview。 His words were designed to express and to invite confidence； but they really expressed unbelief。 He did not acknowledge Jesus to be the Messiah； but only a teacher sent from God。
Instead of recognizing this salutation； Jesus bent His eyes upon the speaker； as if reading his very soul。 In His infinite wisdom He saw before Him a seeker after truth。 He knew the object of this visit； and with a desire to deepen the conviction already resting upon His listener's mind； He came directly to the point； saying solemnly； yet kindly； 〃Verily； verily； I say unto thee； Except a man be born from above； he cannot see the kingdom of God。〃 John 3：3； margin。
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Nicodemus had come to the Lord thinking to enter into a discussion with Him； but Jesus laid bare the foundation principles of truth。 He said to Nicodemus； It is not theoretical knowledge you need so much as spiritual regeneration。 You need not to have your curiosity satisfied； but to have a new heart。 You must receive a new life from above before you can appreciate heavenly things。 Until this change takes place； making all things new； it will result in no saving good for you to discuss with Me My authority or My mission。
Nicodemus had heard the preaching of John the Baptist concerning repentance and baptism； and pointing the people to One who should baptize with the Holy Spirit。 He himself had felt that there was a lack of spirituality among the Jews； that； to a great degree； they were controlled by bigotry and worldly ambition。 He had hoped for a better state of things at the Messiah's coming。 Yet the heart…searching message of the Baptist had failed to work in him conviction of sin。 He was a strict Pharisee； and prided himself on his good works。 He was widely esteemed for his benevolence and his liberality in sustaining the temple service； and he felt secure of the favor of God。 He was startled at the thought of a kingdom too pure for him to see in his present state。
The figure of the new birth； which Jesus had used； was not wholly unfamiliar to Nicodemus。 Converts from heathenism to the faith of Israel were often compared to children just born。 Therefore he must have perceived that the words of Christ were not to be taken in a literal sense。 But by virtue of his birth as an Israelite he regarded himself as sure of a place in the kingdom of God。 He felt that he needed no change。 Hence his surprise at the Saviour's words。 He was irritated by their close application to himself。 The pride of the Pharisee was struggling against the honest desire of the seeker after truth。 He wondered that Christ should speak to him as He did； not respecting his position as ruler in Israel。
Surprised out of his self…possession； he answered Christ in words full of irony； 〃How can a man be born when he is old？〃 Like many others when cutting truth is brought home to the conscience； he revealed the fact that the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God。 There is in him nothing that responds to spiritual things； for spiritual things are spiritually discerned。
But the Saviour did not meet argument with argument。 Raising His hand with solemn； quiet dignity； He pressed the truth home with greater
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assurance； 〃Verily； verily； I say unto thee； Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit； he cannot enter into the kingdom of God。〃 Nicodemus knew that Christ here referred to water baptism and the renewing of the heart by the Spirit of God。 He was convinced that he was in the presence of the One whom John the Baptist had foretold。
Jesus continued： 〃That which is born of the flesh is flesh； and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit。〃 By nature the heart is evil； and 〃who can bring a clean thing out of an unclean？ not one。〃 Job 14：4。 No human invention can find a remedy for the sinning soul。 〃The carnal mind is enmity against God： for it is not subject to the law of God； neither indeed can be。〃 〃Out of the heart proceed evil thoughts； murders； adulteries； fornications； thefts； false witness； blasphemies。〃 Rom。 8：7； Matt。 15：19。 The fountain of the heart must be purified before the streams can become pure。 He who is trying to reach heaven by his own works in keeping the law is attempting an impossibility。 There is no safety for one who has merely a legal religion； a form of godliness。 The Christian's life is not a modification or improvement of the old； but a transformation of nature。 There is a death to self and sin； and a new life altogether。 This change can be brought about only by the effectual working of the Holy Spirit。
Nicodemus was still perplexed； and Jesus used the wind to illustrate His meaning： 〃The wind bloweth where it listeth； and thou hearest the sound thereof； but canst not tell whence it cometh； and whither it goeth： so is everyone that is born of the Spirit。〃
The wind is heard among the branches of the trees； rustling the leaves and flowers； yet it is invisible； and no man knows whence it comes or whither it goes。 So with the work of the Holy Spirit upon the heart。 It can no more be explained than can the movements of the wind。 A person may not be able to tell the exact time or place； or to trace all the circumstances in the process of conversion； but this does not prove him to be unconverted。 By an agency as unseen as the wind； Christ is constantly working upon the heart。 Little by little； perhaps unconsciously to the receiver； impressions are made that tend to draw the soul to Christ。 These may be received through meditating upon Him； through reading the Scriptures； or through hearing the word from the living preacher。 Suddenly； as the Spirit comes with more direct appeal； the soul gladly surrenders itself to Jesus。 By many this is called sudden conversion； but it is the result of long wooing by the Spirit of God；a patient； protracted process。
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While the wind is itself invisible； it produces effects that are seen and felt。 So the work of the Spirit upon the soul will reveal itself in every act of him who has felt its saving power。 When the Spirit of God takes possession of the heart； it transforms the life。 Sinful thoughts are put away； evil deeds are renounced； love； humility； and peace take the place of anger； envy； and strife。 Joy takes the place of sadness； and the countenance reflects the light of heaven。 No one sees the hand that lifts the burden； or beholds the light descend from the courts above。 The blessing comes when by faith the soul surrenders itself to God。 Then that power which no human eye can see creates a new being in the image of God。
It is impossible for finite minds to comprehend the work of redemption。 Its mystery exceeds human knowledge； yet he who passes from death to life realizes that it is a divine reality。 The beginning of redemption we may know here through a personal experience。 Its results reach through the eternal ages。
While Jesus was speaking； some gleams of truth penetrated the ruler's mind。 The softening； subduing influe