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need not prevent you from making yourself familiar with the construction
of the orchestra to which you listen a couple of nights a week during a
couple of months！ As things are； you probably think of the orchestra as a
heterogeneous mass of instruments producing a confused agreeable mass
of sound。 You do not listen for details because you have never trained
your ears to listen to details。
If you were asked to name the instruments which play the great theme at
the beginning of the C minor symphony you could not name them for your
life's sake。 Yet you admire the C minor symphony。 It has thrilled you。 It
will thrill you again。 You have even talked about it； in an expansive mood；
to that ladyyou know whom I mean。 And all you can positively state
about the C minor symphony is that Beethoven composed it and that it is
a 〃jolly fine thing。〃
Now； if you have read； say； Mr。 Krehbiel's 〃How to Listen to Music〃 （which
can be got at any bookseller's for less than the price of a stall at the Alhambra；
and which contains photographs of all the orchestral instruments and plans of
the arrangement of orchestras） you would next go to a promenade concert with
an astonishing intensification of interest in it。 Instead of a confused mass； the
orchestra would appear to you as what it isa marvellously balanced organism
whose various groups of members each have a different and an indispensable
function。 You would spy out the instruments； and listen for their respective
sounds。 You would know the gulf that separates a French horn from an English
horn； and you would perceive why a player of the hautboy gets higher wages
than a fiddler； though the fiddle is the more difficult instrument。 You would
*live* at a promenade concert； whereas previously you had merely existed
there in a state of beatific coma； like a baby gazing at a bright object。
The foundations of a genuine； systematic knowledge of music might be laid。
You might specialise your inquiries either on a particular form of music （such
as the symphony）； or on the works of a particular composer。 At the end of a
year of forty…eight weeks of three brief evenings each； combined with a study
of programmes and attendances at concerts chosen out of your increasing
knowledge； you would really know something about music； even though you
were as far off as ever from jangling 〃The Maiden's Prayer〃 on the piano。
〃But I hate music！〃 you say。 My dear sir； I respect you。
What applies to music applies to the other arts。 I might mention Mr。 Clermont
Witt's 〃How to Look at Pictures；〃 or Mr。 Russell Sturgis's 〃How to Judge
Architecture；〃 as beginnings （merely beginnings） of systematic vitalising
knowledge in other arts； the materials for whose study abound in London。
〃I hate all the arts！〃 you say。 My dear sir； I respect you more and more。
I will deal with your case next； before coming to literature。
X
NOTHING IN LIFE IS HUMDRUM
Art is a great thing。 But it is not the greatest。 The most important of all
perceptions is the continual perception of cause and effect…in other words；
the perception of the continuous development of the universe…in still other
words； the perception of the course of evolution。 When one has thoroughly
got imbued into one's head the leading truth that nothing happens without a
cause； one grows not only large…minded； but large…hearted。
It is hard to have one's watch stolen； but one reflects that the thief of the
watch became a thief from causes of heredity and environment which are
as interesting as they are scientifically comprehensible； and one buys
another watch； if not with joy； at any rate with a philosophy that makes
bitterness impossible。 One loses； in the study of cause and effect； that
absurd air which so many people have of being always shocked and pained
by the curiousness of life。 Such people live amid human nature as if human
nature were a foreign country full of awful foreign customs。 But； having
reached maturity； one ought surely to be ashamed of being a stranger in a
strange land！
The study of cause and effect； while it lessens the painfulness of life； adds
to life's picturesqueness。 The man to whom evolution is but a name looks
at the sea as a grandiose； monotonous spectacle； which he can witness in
August for three shillings third…class return。 The man who is imbued with
the idea of development； of continuous cause and effect； perceives in the
sea an element which in the day…before…yesterday of geology was vapour；
which yesterday was boiling； and which to…morrow will inevitably be ice。
He perceives that a liquid is merely something on its way to be solid； and
he is penetrated by a sense of the tremendous； changeful picturesqueness of
life。 Nothing will afford a more durable satisfaction than the constantly
cultivated appreciation of this。 It is the end of all science。
Cause and effect are to be found everywhere。 Rents went up in Shepherd's
Bush。 It was painful and shocking that rents should go up in Shepherd's
Bush。 But to a certain point we are all scientific students of cause and effect；
and there was not a clerk lunching at a Lyons Restaurant who did not scienti…
fically put two and two together and see in the （once） Two…penny Tube the
cause of an excessive demand for wigwams in Shepherd's Bush； and in the
excessive demand for wigwams the cause of the increase in the price of
wigwams。
〃Simple！〃 you say； disdainfully。 Everything…the whole complex movement
of the universe…is as simple as that…when you can sufficiently put two and
two together。 And； my dear sir； perhaps you happen to be an estate agent's
clerk； and you hate the arts； and you want to foster your immortal soul； and
you can't be interested in your business because it's so humdrum。
Nothing is humdrum。
The tremendous； changeful picturesqueness of life is marvellously shown
in an estate agent's office。 What！ There was a block of traffic in Oxford
Street； to avoid the block people actually began to travel under the cellars
and drains； and the result was a rise of rents in Shepherd's Bush！ And you
say that isn't picturesque！ Suppose you were to study； in this spirit； the
property question in London for an hour and a half every other evening。
Would it not give zest to your business； and transform your whole life？
You would arrive at more difficult problems。 And you would be able to
tell us why； as the natural result of cause and effect； the longest straight
street in London is about a yard and a half in length； while the longest
absolutely straight street in Paris extends for miles。 I think you will
admit that in an estate agent's clerk I have not chosen an example that
specially favours my theories。
You are a bank clerk； and you have not read that breathless romance
（disguised as a scientific study）； Walter Bagehot's 〃Lombard Street〃？
Ah； my dear sir； if you had begun with that； and followed it up for ninety
minutes every other evening； how enthralling your business would be to
you； and how much more clearly you would understand human nature。
You are 〃penned in town；〃 but you love excursions to the country and
the observation of wild life…certainly a heart…enlarging diversion。 Why
don't you walk out of your house door； in your slippers； to the nearest
gas lamp of a night with a butterfly net； and observe the wild life of
common and rare moths that is beating about it； and co…ordinate the
knowledge thus obtained and build a superstructure on it； and at last
get to know something about something？
You need not be devoted to the arts； not to literature； in order to live fully。
The whole field of daily habit and scene is waiting to satisfy that curiosity
which means life； and the satisfaction of which means an understanding heart。
I promised to deal with your case； O man who hates art and literature； and
I have dealt with it。 I now come to the case of the person； happily very
common； who does 〃like reading。〃
XI
SERIOUS READING
Novels are excluded from 〃serious reading；〃 so that the man who； bent on
self…improvement； has been deciding to devote ninety minutes three times
a week to a complete study of the works of Charles Dickens will be well
advised to alter his plans。 The reason is not that novels are not serious
some of the great literature of the world is in the form of prose fiction
the reason is that bad novels ought not to be read； and that good novels
never demand any appreciable mental application on the part of the reader。
It is only the bad parts of Meredith's novels that are difficult。 A good novel
rushes you forward like a skiff down a stream； and you arrive at the end；
perhaps breathless； but unexhausted。 The best novels involve the least
strain。 Now in the cultivation of the mind one of the most important factors
is precisely the feeling of strain； of difficulty； of a task which one part of you
is anx