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ites that should fix their choice； nothing so good that should authorise them to present it to public observation； and enable them to offer it to their contemporaries as something that we should 〃not willingly let die。〃 They begin often； but nothing they produce appears to them such as that they should say of it； 〃Let this stand。〃 Or they never begin； none of their thoughts being judged by them to be altogether such as to merit the being preserved。 They have a microscopic eye； and discern faults unworthy to be tolerated； in that in which the critic himself might perceive nothing but beauty。
These phenomena have introduced a maxim which is current with many； that the men who write nothing； and bequeath no record of themselves to posterity； are not unfrequently of larger calibre； and more gigantic standard of soul； than such as have inscribed their names upon the columns of the temple of Fame。 And certain it is； that there are extraordinary instances which appear in some degree to countenance this assertion。 Many men are remembered as authors； who seem to have owed the permanence of their reputation rather to fortune than merit。 They were daring； and stepped into a niche that was left in the gallery of art or of science； where others of higher qualifications； but of unconquerable modesty； held back。 At the same time persons； whose destiny caused them to live among the elite of an age； have seen reason to confess that they have heard such talk； such glorious and unpremeditated discourse； from men whose thoughts melted away with the breath that uttered them； as the wisest of their vaunted contemporary authors would in vain have sought to rival。
The maxim however； notwithstanding these appearances； may safely be pronounced to be a fallacious one。 It has been received in various quarters with the greater indulgence； inasmuch as the human mind is prone in many cases to give a more welcome reception to seeming truths； that present us at the first blush the appearance of falshood。
It must however be recollected that the human mind consists in the first instance merely of faculties prepared to be applied to certain purposes； and susceptible of improvement。 It cannot therefore happen； that the man； who has chosen a subject towards which to direct the energy of his faculties； who has sought on all sides for the materials that should enable him to do that subject justice； who has employed upon it his contemplations by day； and his meditations during the watches of the night； should not by such exercise greatly invigorate his powers。 In this sense there was much truth in the observation of the author who said； 〃I did not write upon the subject you mention because I understood it； but I understood it afterward； because I had written upon it。〃
The man who merely wanders through the fields of knowledge in search of its gayest flowers and of whatever will afford him the most enviable amusement； will necessarily return home at night with a very slender collection。 He that shall apply himself with self…denial and an unshrinking resolution to the improvement of his mind； will unquestionably be found more fortunate in the end。
He is not deterred by the gulphs that yawn beneath his feet； or the mountains that may oppose themselves to his progress。 He knows that the adventurer of timid mind； and that is infirm of purpose； will never make himself master of those points which it would be most honourable to him to subdue。 But he who undertakes to commit to writing the result of his researches； and to communicate his discoveries to mankind； is the genuine hero。 Till he enters on this task； every thing is laid up in his memory in a certain confusion。 He thinks he possesses a thing whole； but； when he brings it to the test； he is surprised to find how much he was deceived。 He that would digest his thoughts and his principles into a regular system； is compelled in the first place to regard them in all their clearness and perspicuity； and in the next place to select the fittest words by which they may be communicated to others。 It is through the instrumentality of words that we are taught to think accurately and severely for ourselves； they are part and parcel of all our propositions and theories。 It is therefore in this way that a preceptor； by undertaking to enlighten the mind of his pupil； enlightens his own。 He becomes twice the man in the sequel； that he was when he entered on his task。 We admire the amateur student in his public essays； as we admire a jackdaw or a parrot： he does considerably more than could have been expected from him。
In attending to the subject of this Essay we have been led to observe the different ways； in which the mind of man may be brought into a position tending to exhibit its powers in a less creditable and prepossessing point of view； than that in which all men； idiots and extraordinary cases excepted； are by nature qualified to appear。 Many； not contented with those occupations； modest and humble in certain cases； to which their endowments and original bent had designed them； shew themselves immoderately set upon more alluring and splendid pursuits in which they are least qualified to excel。 Other instances there are； still more entitled to our regret； where the individual is seen to be gifted with no ordinary qualities； where his morning of life has proved auspicious； and the highest expectations were formed of a triumphant career； while yet in the final experiment he has been found wanting； and the 〃voyage of his life〃 has passed 〃in shallows and in miseries。〃
But our survey of the subject of which I treat will not be complete； unless we add to what has been said； another striking truth respecting the imperfection of man collectively taken。 The examples of which the history of our species consists； not only abound in cases； where； from mistakes in the choice of life； or radical and irremediable imperfection in the adventurer； the most glaring miscarriages are found to result；but it is also true； that all men； even the most illustrious； have some fatal weakness； obliging both them and their rational admirers to confess； that they partake of human frailty； and belong to a race of beings which has small occasion to be proud。 Each man has his assailable part。 He is vulnerable； though it be only like the fabled Achilles in his heel。 We are like the image that Nebuchadnezzar saw in his dream； of which though the head was of fine gold； and the breast and the arms were silver； yet the feet were partly only of iron； and partly of clay。 No man is whole and entire； armed at all points； and qualified for every undertaking； or even for any one undertaking； so as to carry it through； and to make the achievement he would perform； or the work he would produce； in all its parts equal and complete。
It is a gross misapprehension in such men as； smitten with admiration of a certain cluster of excellencies； or series of heroic acts； are willing to predicate of the individual to whom they belong； 〃This man is consummate； and without alloy。〃 Take the person in his retirement； in his hours of relaxation； when he has no longer a part to play； and one or more spectators before whom he is desirous to appear to advantage； and you shall find him a very ordinary man。 He has 〃passions； dimensions； senses； affections； like the rest of his fellow…creatures； is fed with the same food； hurt with the same weapons； warmed and cooled by the same summer and winter。〃 He will therefore； when narrowly observed； be unquestionably found betraying human weaknesses； and falling into fits of ill humour； spleen； peevishness and folly。 No man is always a sage； no bosom at all times beats with sentiments lofty； self…denying and heroic。 It is enough if he does so； 〃when the matter fits his mighty mind。〃
The literary genius； who undertakes to produce some consummate work； will find himself pitiably in error； if he expects to turn it out of his hands； entire in all its parts； and without a flaw。
There are some of the essentials of which it is constituted； that he has mastered； and is sufficiently familiar with them； but there are others； especially if his work is miscellaneous and comprehensive； to which he is glaringly incompetent。 He must deny his nature； and become another man； if he would execute these parts； in a manner equal to that which their intrinsic value demands； or to the perfection he is able to give to his work in those places which are best suited to his powers。 There are points in which the wisest man that ever existed is no stronger than a child。 In this sense the sublimest genius will be found infelix operas summa； nam ponere totum nescit。 And； if he properly knows himself； and is aware where lies his strength； and where his weakness； he will look for nothing more in the particulars which fall under the last of these heads； than to escape as he can； and to pass speedily to things in which he finds himself at home and at his ease。
Shakespear we are accustomed to call the most universal genius that ever existed。 He has a truly wonderful variety。 It is almost impossible to pronounce in which he has done best； his Hamlet； Macbeth； Lear； or Othello。 He is equally excellent in his comic vein as his tr