the maintenance of free trade-第5章

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64。　Soulx；　now　they　give　us　the　same　at　75　Soulx；　which　Crowne　was　then　worth　6　shillings；　6　pence　Starlin；　and　their　quart　d'eseu　now　paied　for　16　Soulx　and　above；　was　then　but　15　Soulx；　for　which　we　gave　here　（accompting　4　to　the　Crowne　of　Silver）　69　pence　and　thereabouts；　and　now　72　pence　and　above。　　　　　　And　besides　that；　more　of　our　native　Commodities　were　vented　with　better　profit；　according　to　th'exchange；　for　the　Rule　is；　that　the　lesse　of　Starlin　money　wee　doe　reckon　in　exchange　with　them；　the　more　is　the　Gayne　of　our　Commodities。　The　like　may　be　applyed　for　the　Trade　of　Corints；　which　is　now　provided　by　other　means。　But　the　limitations　to　restraine　all　men　from　importing　them；　then　onely　those　of　the　Levant　company；　maketh　no　free　Trade　of　this　Commodity；　nor　other　the　like。　　　　　　The　immoderate　Use　of　that　weede　Tobacco　hath　beene　so　effectuall　in　debarring　us　from　Spanish　Realls　to　be　（as　formerly）　imported　to　a　great　value　yearely：　but　the　wisedome　of　the　State　hath　so　qualified　the　same；　that　our　Merchants　trading　in　Spaine　doe　now　sell　Perpetuanoes；　Bayes；　Sayes；　and　other　our　home　Commodities　to　benefite；　which　before　were　sold　to　losse；　to　have　moneys　to　buy　this　Tobacco；　that　the　Spaniard　did　say；　Todo　te　pagara　in　humo；　All　shall　be　paid　with　smoake。　　　　　　The　fourth　cause　of　the　want　of　Money　in　England；　is　（as　the　said　Author　saith）　The　great　want　of　our　East　India　stocke　here　at　home；　which　he　termeth　the　especiall　Remote　Cause；　whereas　most　men　would　have　expected　that　the　ready　moneys　sent　in　Realls　of　Plate　to　make　the　employment　of　the　said　Trade；　would　rather　have　beene　mentioned。　My　meaning　is　that　to　become　a　Trapez　untia　Flatterer。　For　AEsops　Moral；　That　the　Lyon　could　not　be　healed　without　the　Apes　Liver：　that　is；　Princes　can　not　be　safe　without　the　destruction　of　flatters：　remaineth　still　fresh　in　memory；　but　in　favour　of　truth　and　Policy；　I　am　resolved　to　deliver　my　plaine　and　sincere　opinion；　concerning　the　said　Trade；　which　began　with　us　in　England　immediately　after　the　great　Jubile　yeare；　1600。　　　　　　In　the　Discourse　made　of　the　Trade　from　England　into　the　East　Indies　be　truely　collected；　no　doubt　the　said　Trade　may　be　found　very　profitable　hereafter；　albeit　it　hath　beene　very　difficult　in　the　beginning；　according　to　the　Proverb；　Omut　principium　grave；　especially　when　the　Controversies　betweene　us　and　the　Hollanders　shall　be　determined；　and　their　agreements　established。　　　　　　For　if　Pepper　doe　but　cost　two　pence　halfe…penny　the　pound　in　the　Indies；　and　that　tenne　shillings　imployed　therein　will　require　but　35　shillings　for　all　charges　whatsoever；　to　deliver　it　in　London；　where　it　is　usually　sold　for　above　20　pence：　It　followeth　by　consequence；　that　there　must　be　a　very　great　gaine；　which　will　increase；　when　the　said　parties　shall　be　united　in　true　Love；　and　buy　the　said　Commodities　better　cheape；　and　so　proportionably　for　all　other　Spices；　drugges；　silkes；　indicoe's　and　Callecoes。　　　　　　Againe；　if　one　hundreth　thousand　pounds　in　money　exported　may　import　the　value　of　500　thousand　pounds　Starlin　in　wares　of　Commodities：　albeit　England　do　not　spend　above　120　thousand　pounds；　and　380　thousand　pounds　in　exported　unto　divers　forraine　parts；　and　there　sold　for　ready　for　ready　money　with　great　advantage。　　　　　　And　lastly；　if　the　very　Commodities　of　the　Realme　exported　into　the　East　Indies；　will　buy　so　much　as　England　useth　of　their　Commodities；　and　the　employment　is　made　for　forraine　Coyne　or　Realls　of　8　procured　from　other　places；what　man　of　understanding　can　justly　finde　fault　with　that　Trade？　If　treatise　were　imported　thereby　unto　us；　as　their　finall　end；　as　the　Discourse　saith；　but　that　other　Trades　do　divert　the　same？　For　when　the　said　Indian　Commodities　are　sent　from　England　into　Turkie；　Ligorne；　Genoway；　the　Low　Countries；　Marselleis　and　other　places；　and　are　sold　for　ready　money：　The　same　is　imployed　againe　upon　Gorints；　Wines；　Cotton…Wooll　and　Yearne；　Galles　and　divers　other　Commodities；　wherewith　the　Ships　beeing　reladen：　yet　a　great　proportion　remaineth　to　be　brought　over　in　moneys；　which　are　diverted　from　us；　by　the　course　of　exchange　in　undervaluing　our　moneys；　as　hath　beene　declared。　The　losse　whreof　is　greater　to　this　kingdome；　than　all　the　moneys　employed　yearely　for　the　East　Indies；　cometh　unto；　which　without　due　consideration；　seemeth　to　bee　impossible。　So　that　wee　may　very　well　affirme；　that　by　this　Trade　the　Treasure　of　the　Realme　can　greatly　be　increased　unto　us　the　use　of　forraine　Commodities　at　reasonable　rates。　And　therefore　is　the　same　by　all　meanes　to　be　continued；　the　rather　for　that　the　Hollanders　have　declared　5　especiall　Reasons　for　the　continance　of　their　East　Indie　Trade；　which　are　not　to　be　neglected；　but　are　to　bee　pondered　by　all　Politians　and　Statesmen。　　　　　　1。　Because　the　Right；　Power；　and　freedome　of　the　Traffique　and　Trade　belongeth　unto　them　（iure　gentium）　aswell　as　to　any　nation　of　the　world；　which　the　Spaniards　did　call　in　question。　　　　　　2。　For　the　revenge　of　any　injuries　done　to　the　Hollander；　may　bee　recompenced　in　those　Countries；　which　was　heretofore　without　breach　of　Truce。　　　　　　3。　For　the　maintenance　of　their　Marriners　and　Shipping；　of　which　two；　they　abound　above　all　nations。　　　　　　4。　For　the　increase　of　Customes　and　meanes　raised　by　the　Buying　of　these　commodities；　their　Countrey　being　a　Storehouse　for　all　wares　and　merchandizes。　　　　　　5。　Because　that　by　the　continuance　of　the　said　Trade　（although　it　should　proove　unprofitable：）　They　maintaine　a　certaine　peace　and　assurance　in　the　course　of　their　government　which　consisteth　thereby。　　　　　　This　Trade　of　the　Hollanders　for　the　East　Indies　began　upon　the　Embargoes　made　in　Spain　of　their　goods　and　interruption　of　their　Trade；　wherein　they　did　associate　themselves　with　the　Germanes　to　disperse　and　vent　their　said　India　commodities　better　and　speedier。　　　　　　To　this　Argument　appertaineth；　the　consideration　of　the　Trades　out　of　Christendome；　maintained　for　the　most　part　with　ready　moneys。　As　for　Turkie　and　Persia；　wherein　the　abundance　of　Silver　and　Gold　come　into　Europe；　since　the　West　Indies　were　discovered；　is　to　be　noted；　which　hath　made　every　thing　dearer　according　to　the　increase　of　money；　which　like　unto　an　Ocean；　dividing　the　Course　into　several　branches　in　divers　Countries；　hath　caused　a　great　alteration。　But　England　doth　not　participate　by　the　Course　of　Traffique　a　proportionable　Competent　share　of　the　said　aboundance　of　moneys；　as　other　nations　doe：　albeit　not　many　yeares　since；　we　had　more　moneys　then　in　times　past；　before　the　saide　discovery　of　the　West　Indies：　But　we　must　now　measure　things　according　to　the　said　abundance；　which　is　much　diminished　by　the　continuall　exportation　of　moneys　for　the　East　Indies　from　all　places　of　Traffique。　　　　　　The　fifth　Cause　of　the　Want　of　Money　in　England；　hee　saith；　are　the　Warres　of　Christendome；　causing　exportation　of　moneys；　and　the　Pirates　hindering　importation　of　money。　The　latter　is　meerely　a　Prevention　or　Robbing　of　our　moneys；　which　are　supposed；　might　be　brought　in。　But　if　Pirates　did　not　take　some　of　our　moneys；　it　followeth　not；　that　the　same　should　come　unto　us　in　specie。　For　experience；　by　the　example　of　the　Spanish　Merchants；　diverting　the　Realls　of　8　from　us　（for　Gaine　to　be　made　in　forraine　parts：）　prooveth　unto　us　the　contrary。　Gayne　beeing　alwaies　the　Scope　of　Merchants：　and　to　proove　that　this　Gayne；　is　made　Really　onely　by　the　abuse　of　exchange　（which　otherwise　would　be　but　Imaginary）；　wee　have　already　declared。　　　　　　Now　touching　the　exportation　of　monyes　by　the　wares　of　Christians；　where　he　declareth　an　urgent　instance：　That　the　Riecks　Doller；　is　raised　（two　markes　Lubish　making　the　said　Doller：）　to　twenty　markes　Lubish　in　many　places　of　Germany；　whereby　abundance　of　money　is　drawen　unto　the　Mintes　of　those　Countries；　from　all　the　Mines　and　Parts　of　Christendome：　herein　he　is　much　mistaken；　for　when　moneys　are　inhaunced；　they　never　are　carried　to　the　Mintes　for　to　be　converted　into　other　Coyne。　But　they　remaine　currant；　betweene　man　and　man；　running　like　a　Poste…horse；　every　man　fearing　to　receive　a　losse　by　the　fal。　Neither　maketh　this　any　rule　for　merchants　in　places　of　Trade；　otherwise　then　that　they　may　take　knowledge　of　the　publike　valuation　thereof；　to　sell　their　Commodities　accordingly；　by　rating　the　price　of　exchange；　upon　their　former　observation；　which　being　neglected　or　done　in　part；　causeth　the　undervaluation　of　our　monyes　in　exchange。　And　this　is　the　immediate　Cause　by　him　first　alleaged　and　treated　of；　wherein　the　Commodities　are　no　more　Active；　then　Tenderdon　Steeple　in　Kent；　was　the　Cause　of　the　decay　of　Dover　haven。　　　　　　To　make　this　to　appeare；　let　us　note；　that　this　Rieckx　Doller　being　the　maine　and　most　usuall　Coyne　in　Germany；　Eastland；　the　United　and　Reconciled　Countries　under　both　Governments；　and　many　other　places；　was　valued　at　2　marks　Lubish；　every　marke　being　16　shillings　Lubish；　or　16　Stivers；　for　the　yeare　1575；　the　saide　Doller　was　still　coyned　in　the　Empire　for　32　Stivers。　And　was　so　currant　by　Valuation　in　the　Low　Countries；　wherby　the　said　shilling　Lubish　and　the　Stiver　Flemish　were　al　one；　but　the　wars　in　the　Low　Countries　hath　bin　the　cause　of　the　inhauncing　of　this　Doller；　which　was　brought　to　35　Stivers；　and　the　yeare　1586；