the maintenance of free trade-第9章

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e　Two　essential　Parts　of　Trafficke；　namely　the　Rule　of　money　and　exchanges？　Let　every　man　judge。　　　　　　Today　nothing　of　the　dependances　of　Trade；　as　the　increase　of　Navigation　and　Navigators；　when　Merchants　heretofore　had　more　freedome；　and　the　Ports　were　furnished　and　frequented；　with　great　store　of　shipping；　which　although　they　were　but　small　of　burden：　yet　every　one　had　their　severall　Pilot　and　Mariners；　which　did　daily　supplie　the　Land；　with　plenty　of　Sea…men。　　　　　　The　Merchants　Staplers　have　observed；　that　the　Merchants　Adventurers；　have　an　inevitable　opportunity　of　Combination；　to　set　what　price　they　please　upon　cloth　to　the　Clothier；　of　Wooll　to　the　Grower；　and　of　all　Commodities　exported　and　imported；　and　likewise　to　lay　what　private　impositions　they　please；　upon　any　of　the　said　Commodities；　so　that　whether　they　doe　well　or　ill　for　the　Common…weale；　there　can　be　no　apparant　triall：　for　having　power　to　barre　all　others　from　Trade；　but　themselves；　they　are　like　a　Commoditie　weighed　in　a　Ballance；　that　hath　but　one　end；　where　there　can　be　no　Counterpoize；　and　then　it　seemes　to　bee　great　weight；　although　it　be　never　so　light。　So　that　this　ingrossing　of　Trade　into　few　mens　hands；　hath　caused　our　home　Trades　to　decay；　our　Manufactures　to　decrease；　and　our　home…bred　Commodities　to　lie　upon　our　hands　unsold；　or　to　be　sold　at　a　low　price；　to　the　utter　undoing　of　all　sorts　of　poore　people　in　England；　and　the　great　damage　of　all　his　Majesties　loving　Subjects；　and　whilest　our　merchants　hinder　one　another　from　Trade；　other　Nations　increase　their　own　Manufactures；　and　enlarge　their　Trade；　not　only　for　the　said　Countries　of　high　and　low　Germany；　but　also　for　Russia；　Eastland；　Poland　and　other　places。　　　　　　For　the　making　of　good　and　true　Cloth；　many　excellent　Lawes　have　beene　made　and　enacted；　especially　in　the　fourth　yeere　of　his　Majesties　happy　Raigne；　whereupon　I　have　heretofore　made　a　Demonstration　which　was　exhibited　to　the　Right　Honourable　the　Lords　of　the　Privie　Councell；　shewing　the　weight；　length　and　breadth　of　all　sorts　of　Clothes；　and　that　Weight　and　Measure　doth　controlle　each　other；　whereby　the　Merchant　that　buyeth　the　Cloth；　may　be　enabled　to　finde　out　the　fraud　and　deceit　of　the　Clothier：　but　this　should　bee　done　before　the　selling　of　them；　and　that　by　honest　Officers　or　Magistrates；　according　to　the　said　Acte；　whereof　our　great　Booke　（now　under　the　Presse；）　intituled　Lex　Mercatoria　or　the　Law　Merchant；　doth　intreat　of　more　particularly。　　　　　　The　eight　cause　of　the　decay　of　Trade；　is　Th'exportation　of　the　materials　of　Wools；　and　Wooll…fells；　from　the　Sea…coasts　of　England；　and　the　Kingdome　of　Scotland；　and　the　Customes　and　Impositions　laid　upon　Clothes　at　home　and　abroad　in　other　Countries；　especially　the　great　Imposition　in　the　Low　united　Provinces　called　Consumption　Money；　payed　by　the　Retaile　of　Cloth　or　Drapery；　only　upon　our　English　Clothes；　and　not　upon　Cloth　in　those　parts；　whereby　their　Cloth　is　more　vented；　and　English　Cloth　in　less　Request。　　　　　　Touching　the　exportation　of　Materials；　there　is　a　provident　order　taken；　to　prevent　the　same　in　England；　by　a　late　direction　and　Proclamation；　prohibiting　the　exportation　of　Woolls；　Wooll　fells；　Wool…yearne；　Fullers　earth；　and　Wood　ashes。　And　the　like　will　be　done　in　Scotland；　and　for　the　better　execution；　there　is　a　Committee　appointed　of　certaine　selected　discreet　persons　under　the　great　Seale　of　England。　　　　　　The　ninth　Cause　of　the　decay　of　Trade；　are　the　Warres　in　Christendome；　as　also　in　other　Countries　out　of　the　same；　where　our　Cloth　and　Manufactures　have　been　transported；　increased　by　the　daily　losses　sustained　by　Pirats；　and　continuall　breaking　of　Merchants　and　Tradesmen；　all　which　is　meerely　Heterocliton　or　opposite　to　Traffique；　and　they　concurre　all　in　nature；　to　the　interruption　and　overthrowing　of　Trade；　and　this　can　never　be　divereted；　prevented；　nor　remedied；　by　selling　our　Clothes　or　Manufactures　cheape；　to　undersell　other　Nations；　who　meet　with　the　said　hinderances　and　interruption　as　well　as　we　doe；　in　the　Trade　of　the　Clothes　made　by　them：　But　Time　and　quietnesse　must　be　expected　in　some　measure。　The　price　of　Wool　being　fallen　from　33　shillings　the　Todde；　to　18　shillings　and　under　disimproving　the　Revenue　of　lands；　can　never　increase　Trade；　but　improverish　the　Kingdome　and　all　landed　men。　　　　　　Aristotle　saith；　that　Riches　is　either　Natural　or　Artificiall。　The　natural　Riches；　as　lands；　vines　forrests；　meddowes；　etc。　The　Artificiall；　as　Money；　Gold；　Silver；　Cloth；　and　all　things　metalline　or　mineral；　and　manufactures；　proceeding　of　the　Naturall　Riches。　And　as　both　these　doe　receive　their　price　and　estimation　by　mony　（as　the　Rule　and　square）　so　reason　requireth　a　certaine　Equality　betweene　them　in　the　estimation　of　the　value　thereof；　which　dayly　decreaseth　by　abating　the　price　of　our　Commodities；　and　for　the　want　of　moneys；　which　in　some　unskilful　merchants　are　much　to　bee　blamed　in　making　inconsiderate　Barters　for　our　Clothes　beyond　the　Seas；　wanting　vente；　and　being　（by　the　abuse　of　exchange）　deprived　to　import　moneys　and　Bullione。　To　conclude　this　point；　let　us　remember；　that　the　Protection　of　Princes　in　warres　and　against　the　Pirates；　is　to　be　maintained　to　prevent　the　decay　of　Trade。　　　　　　The　tenth　and　last　Cause　of　the　decay　of　Trade；　is　the　immoderate　use　of　forraine　Commodities；　and　the　lesse　use　of　our　home　Commodities：　for　albeit　that　by　the　Superfluity　of　our　native　Commodities；　Trade　is　procured；　yet　if　that　Superfluity　do　abound　so；　that　thereby　the　price　of　it　becommeth　abated：　The　forraine　Commodities　being　more　used　and　worne；　come　in　the　liew　thereof　and　are　advanced；　which　bringeth　an　evident　overballancing　of　Comodities。　　　　　　This　cause　some　Statesmen　in　France；　to　invent　meanes　how　the　Trade　might　be　cut　off；　and　that　no　Commodities　should　be　transported　out　of　the　Realme；　making　account；　that　they　could　live　peaceably　within　themselves　and　very　good　cheape；　without　giving　or　receiving　any　thing　of　other　nations。　This　was　much　contradicted　by　Monsieur　Bodine　the　great　Polititian　of　France；　as　is　noted　in　Englands　View；　who　shewed　that　they　had　neede　of　the　Stranger；　and　most　especially　of　the　Traffique　with　them：　Insomuch；　that　although　they　could　have　lived　without　them　in　regard　of　Commodities：　yet　charity；　humanity；　and　Policy　willeth　us　to　maintaine　friendship　with　our　neighbours；　and　rater　to　give　them　part　of　our　blessings；　then　not　to　deale　or　Communicate　with　them。　True　it　is；　that　it　cannot　bee　denyed；　that　if　any　kingdome　under　the　Sunne；　can　subsist　of　itself；　none　hath　more　cause　of　thankgiving　unto　God；　then　the　Kingdomes　of　Great　Brittaine　and　Ireland；　so　richly　replensihed　with　all　things　serving　and　Victum　&　Vestitum；　for　the　Backe　and　Belly；　as　we　terme　it；　not　onley　for　our　owne　maintenance；　but　also　for　the　supply　of　others。　But　God　caused　nature　to　distribute　her　bennefites；　or　his　blessings　to　severall　Climates；　supplying　the　barrennesse　of　some　things　in　one　countrey；　with　the　fruitfulnesse　and　store　of　other　countries；　to　the　end　that　interchangeably　one　Common…weale　should　live　with　an　other。　And　therefore　is　Traffique　and　Trade　so　much　to　bee　maintained　and　defended；　where　in　all　manner　of　rashnesse　in　the　sale　of　wares　is　to　be　avoided；　but　by　Policy　to　be　prevented　and　upholden；　according　to　the　Policy　of　that　valiant　Captaine　Sertorius；　who　did　preferre　the　same　before　strength　by　setting　the　feeble　Souldior　to　pull　out　the　horses　taile；　which　the　mightiest　man　of　his　campe　could　not　effect；　using　violance：　when　the　feeble　man　did　performe　the　same　by　pulling　out　the　haires　by　little　and　little。　Merchants　can　use　the　like　Policie；　when　they　want　not　monyes；　and　doe　expect　a　convenient　time　to　sell　their　Clothes　with　reputation。



Chapter　III

Of　Governed　Trade；　and　therein　of　Monopoly。

　　　　　Hitherto　（saith　the　said　Authour：）　the　matter　of　Trade　hath　been　considered　in　Money　and　Merchandize；　and　the　exchange　of　monyes　is　past　over　by　him；　as　a　matter　not　worthy　the　consideration：　indeed　it　was　good　for　him　to　saile　between　the　two　Rocks　of　Scylla　and　Charybdis；　without　further　adventure；　and　not　to　suffer　Shipwracke　upon　the　dangerous　Rocke　of　exchanges。　But　divers　merchants　have　much　distasted；　that　a　man　of　their　profession　should　neglect　one　of　the　Essentiall　Parts　of　Traffique；　and　the　most　operative　in　Trade；　being　the　only　measure　betweene　us　and　forraine　nations；　without　which；　all　his　discourse　is　without　Rime　or　Reason。　So　that　he　cannot　finde　any　Parity　nor　Purity　in　exchanges；　like　unto　a　fickle　body；　who　by　reason　of　the　bitternesse　of　his　tongue；　can　not　relish。　　　　　　Monsieur　Bodine　saith；　that　when　a　man　is　noted　to　be　of　experience；　and　to　understand　matters；　wherein　he　is　surpassing　others：　the　Proverbe　is；　Il　entend　le　Par；　he　doth　understand　his　Par　or　Equality；　which　cannot　bee　applyed　unto　him　that　doth　not　understand　the　matter　of　exchange：　for　all　his　arguments　are　fram'd　betweene　Commodities　and　moneys；　from　whence　this　Syllogisme　may　bee　drawne　against　him；　to　maintaine　the　undervaluation　of　our　money　in　specie。　　　　　　Nothing　causeth　Merchants　to　export　more　money　out　of　the　Realme；　then　they　bring　in：　but　onely　the　bringing　of　more　Commodities　into　the　Realme　then　they　carried　out。　The