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f Achilles。 A statue in which you endeavour to unite stately dignity； youthful elegance； and stern valour； must surely possess none of these to any eminent degree。
From hence it appears that there is much difficulty as well as danger in an endeavour to concentrate upon a single subject those various powers which； rising from different points； naturally move in different directions。
The summit of excellence seems to be an assemblage of contrary qualities； but mixed； in such proportions； that no one part is found to counteract the other。 How hard this is to be attained in every art； those only know who have made the greatest progress in their respective professions。
To conclude what I have to say on this part of the subject； which I think of great importance； I wish you to understand that I do not discourage the younger students from the noble attempt of uniting all the excellences of art； but to make them aware that； besides the difficulties which attend every arduous attempt； there is a peculiar difficulty in the choice of the excellences which ought to be united； I wish you to attend to this； that you may try yourselves； whenever you are capable of that trial； what you can； and what you cannot do： and that； instead of dissipating your natural faculties over the immense field of possible excellence； you may choose some particular walk in which you may exercise all your powers； in order each of you to be the first in his way。 If any man shall be master of such a transcendant； commanding； and ductile genius； as to enable him to rise to the highest； and to stoop to the lowest flights of art； and to sweep over all of them unobstructed and secure； he is fitter to give example than to receive instruction。
Having said thus much on the union of excellences； I will next say something of the subordination in which various excellences ought to be kept。
I am of opinion that the ornamental style； which in my discourse of last year I cautioned you against considering as principal； may not be wholly unworthy the attention of those who aim even at the grand style； when it is properly placed and properly reduced。
But this study will be used with far better effect； if its principles are employed in softening the harshness and mitigating the rigour of the great style； than if in attempt to stand forward with any pretensions of its own to positive and original excellence。
It was thus Lodovico Caracci； whose example I formerly recommended to you； employed it。 He was acquainted with the works both of Correggio and the Venetian painters； and knew the principles by which they produced those pleasing effects which at the first glance prepossess us so much in their favour； but he took only as much from each as would embellish； but not overpower； that manly strength and energy of style； which is his peculiar character。
Since I have already expatiated so largely in my former discourse； and in my present； upon the styles and characters of painting； it will not be at all unsuitable to my subject if I mention to you some particulars relative to the leading principles； and capital works of those who excelled in the great style； that I may bring you from abstraction nearer to practice； and by exemplifying the propositions which I have laid down； enable you to understand more clearly what I would enforce。
The principal works of modern art are in fresco； a mode of painting which excludes attention to minute elegancies： yet these works in fresco are the productions on which the fame of the greatest masters depend： such are the pictures of Michael Angelo and Raffaelle in the Vatican； to which we may add the cartoons； which； though not strictly to be called fresco； yet may be put under that denomination； and such are the works of Giulio Romano at Mantua。 If these performances were destroyed； with them would be lost the best part of the reputation of those illustrious painters； for these are justly considered as the greatest efforts of our art which the world can boast。 To these； therefore； we should principally direct our attention for higher excellences。 As for the lower arts； as they have been once discovered； they may be easily attained by those possessed of the former。
Raffaelle； who stands in general foremost of the first painters； owes his reputation； as I have observed； to his excellence in the higher parts of the art。 Therefore； his works in fresco ought to be the first object of our study and attention。 His easel…works stand in a lower degree of estimation； for though he continually； to the day of his death； embellished his works more and more with the addition of these lower ornaments； which entirely make the merit of some； yet he never arrived at such perfection as to make him an object of imitation。 He never was able to conquer perfectly that dryness； or even littleness of manner； which he inherited from his master。 He never acquired that nicety of taste in colours； that breadth of light and shadow； that art and management of uniting light； to light； and shadow to shadow； so as to make the object rise out of the ground with that plenitude of effect so much admired in the works of Correggio。 When he painted in oil； his hand seemed to be so cramped and confined that he not only lost that facility and spirit； but I think even that correctness of form； which is so perfect and admirable in his fresco works。 I do not recollect any pictures of his of this kind； except perhaps the 〃Transfiguration；〃 in which there are not some parts that appear to be even feebly drawn。 That this is not a necessary attendant on oil…painting； we have abundant instances in more modern painters。 Lodovico Caracci； for instance； preserved in his works in oil the same spirit； vigour； and correctness； which he had in fresco。 I have no desire to degrade Raffaelle from the high rank which he deservedly holds： but by comparing him with himself； he does not appear to me to be the same man in oil as in fresco。
From those who have ambition to tread in this great walk of the art； Michael Angelo claims the next attention。 He did not possess so many excellences as Raffaelle； but those he had were of the highest kind。 He considered the art as consisting of little more than what may be attained by sculpture； correctness of form； and energy of character。 We ought not to expect more than an artist intends in his work。 He never attempted those lesser elegancies and graces in the art。 Vasari says； he never painted but one picture in oil； and resolved never to paint another； saying it was an employment only fit for women and children。
If any man had a right to look down upon the lower accomplishments as beneath his attention； it was certainly Michael Angelo： nor can it be thought strange that such a mind should have slighted or have been withheld from paying due attention to all those graces and embellishments of art which have diffused such lustre over the works of other painters。
It must be acknowledged likewise； that together with these； which we wish he had more attended to； he has rejected all the false though specious ornaments which disgrace the works even of the most esteemed artists； and I will venture to say； that when those higher excellences are more known and cultivated by the artists and the patrons of arts； his fame and credit will increase with our increasing knowledge。 His name will then be held in the same veneration as it was in the enlightened age of Leo the Tenth： and it is remarkable that the reputation of this truly great man has been continually declining as the art itself has declined。 For I must remark to you； that it has long been much on the decline； and that our only hope of its revival will consist in your being thoroughly sensible of its depravation and decay。 It is to Michael Angelo that we owe even the existence of Raffaelle； it is to him Raffaelle owes the grandeur of his style。 He was taught by him to elevate his thoughts； and to conceive his subjects with dignity。 His genius； however； formed to blaze and to shine； might； like fire in combustible matter； for ever have lain dormant if it had not caught a spark by its contact with Michael Angelo： and though it never burst out with that extraordinary heat and vehemence； yet it must be acknowledged to be a more pure； regular； and chaste flame。 Though our judgment will upon the whole decide in favour of Raffaelle： yet he never takes that firm hold and entire possession of the mind in such a manner as to desire nothing else； and feel nothing wanting。 The effect of the capital works of Michael Angelo perfectly correspond to what Bourchardon said he felt from reading Homer。 His whole frame appeared to himself to be enlarged； and all nature which surrounded him diminished to atoms。
If we put those great artists in a light of comparison with each other； Raffaelle had more taste and fancy； Michael Angelo more genius and imagination。 The one excelled in beauty； the other in energy。 Michael Angelo has more of the poetical inspiration； his ideas are vast and sublime； his people are a superior order of beings； there is nothing about them； nothing in the air of their actions or their attitudes； or the style and cast of their very limbs or features； that puts one in mi