按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
d to repeat what he has before often repeated。 When we know the subject designed by such men； it will never be difficult to guess what kind of work is to be produced。
It is vain for painters or poets to endeavour to invent without materials on which the mind may work； and from which invention must originate。 Nothing can come of nothing。
Homer is supposed to be possessed of all the learning of his time。 And we are certain that Michael Angelo and Raffaelle were equally possessed of all knowledge in the art which was discoverable in the works of their predecessors。
A mind enriched by an assemblage of all the treasures of ancient and modern art will be more elevated and fruitful in resources in proportion to the number of ideas which have been carefully collected and thoroughly digested。 There can be no doubt that he who has the most materials has the greatest means of invention； and if he has not the power of using them； it must proceed from a feebleness of intellect or from the confused manner in which those collections have been laid up in his mind。
The addition of other men's judgment is so far from weakening； as is the opinion of many； our own； that it will fashion and consolidate those ideas of excellence which lay in their birth feeble； ill…shaped； and confused； but which are finished and put in order by the authority and practice of those whose works may be said to have been consecrated by having stood the test of ages。
The mind； or genius； has been compared to a spark of fire which is smothered by a heap of fuel and prevented from blazing into a flame。 This simile； which is made use of by the younger Pliny； may be easily mistaken for argument or proof。
There is no danger of the mind's being over…burdened with knowledge； or the genius extinguished by any addition of images； on the contrary； these acquisitions may as well； perhaps better； be compared； if comparisons signified anything in reasoning； to the supply of living embers； which will contribute to strengthen the spark that without the association of more would have died away。
The truth is； he whose feebleness is such as to make other men's thoughts an incumbrance to him can have no very great strength of mind or genius of his own to be destroyed； so that not much harm will be done at worst。
We may oppose to Pliny the greater authority of Cicero； who is continually enforcing the necessity of this method of study。 In his dialogue on Oratory he makes Crassus say； that one of the first and most important precepts is to choose a proper model for our imitation。 Hoc fit primum in preceptis meis ut demonstremus quem imitemur。
When I speak of the habitual imitation and continued study of masters； it is not to be understood that I advise any endeavour to copy the exact peculiar colour and complexion of another man's mind； the success of such an attempt must always be like his who imitates exactly the air； manner； and gestures of him whom he admires。 His model may be excellent； but the copy will be ridiculous； this ridicule does not arise from his having imitated； but from his not having chosen the right mode of imitation。
It is a necessary and warrantable pride to disdain to walk servilely behind any individual； however elevated his rank。 The true and liberal ground of imitation is an open field； where； though he who precedes has had the advantage of starting before you； yet it is enough to pursue his course； you need not tread in his footsteps； and you certainly have a right to outstrip him if you can。
Nor； whilst I recommend studying the art from artists； can I be supposed to mean that nature is to be neglected？ I take this study in aid and not in exclusion of the other。 Nature is； and must be； the fountain which alone is inexhaustible； and from which all excellences must originally flow。
The great use of studying our predecessors is to open the mind； to shorten our labour； and to give us the result of the selection made by those great minds of what is grand or beautiful in nature： her rich stores are all spread out before us； but it is an art； and no easy art； to know how or what to choose； and how to attain and secure the object of our choice。
Thus the highest beauty of form must be taken from nature； but it is an art of long deduction and great experience to know how to find it。
We must not content ourselves with merely admiring and relishing； we must enter into the principles on which the work is wrought； these do not swim on the superficies； and consequently are not open to superficial observers。
Art in its perfection is not ostentatious； it lies hid； and works its effect itself unseen。 It is the proper study and labour of an artist to uncover and find out the latent cause of conspicuous beauties； and from thence form principles for his own conduct； such an examination is a continual exertion of the mind； as great； perhaps； as that of the artist whose works he is thus studying。
The sagacious imitator not only remarks what distinguishes the different manner or genius of each master； he enters into the contrivance in the composition； how the masses of lights are disposed； the means by which the effect is produced； how artfully some parts are lost in the ground； others boldly relieved； and how all these are mutually altered and interchanged according to the reason and scheme of the work。 He admires not the harmony of colouring alone； but he examines by what artifice one colour is a foil to its neighbour。 He looks close into the tints； of what colours they are composed； till he has formed clear and distinct ideas； and has learnt to see in what harmony and good colouring consists。 What is learnt in this manner from the works of others becomes really our own； sinks deep； and is never forgotten； nay； it is by seizing on this clue that we proceed forward； and get further and further in enlarging the principle and improving the practice。
There can be no doubt but the art is better learnt from the works themselves than from the precepts which are formed upon these works； but if it is difficult to choose proper models for imitation； it requires no less circumspection to separate and distinguish what in those models we ought to imitate。
I cannot avoid mentioning here； though it is not my intention at present to enter into the art and method of study； an error which students are too apt to fall into。
He that is forming himself must look with great caution and wariness on those peculiarities； or prominent parts； which at first force themselves upon view； and are the marks； or what is commonly called the manner； by which that individual artist is distinguished。
Peculiar marks I hold to be generally； if not always； defects； however difficult it may be； wholly to escape them。
Peculiarities in the works of art are like those in the human figure； it is by them that we are cognisable and distinguished one from another； but they are always so many blemishes； which； however； both in the one case and in the other； cease to appear deformities to those who have them continually before their eyes。 In the works of art； even the most enlightened mind； when warmed by beauties of the highest kind； will by degrees find a repugnance within him to acknowledge any defects； nay； his enthusiasm will carry him so far as to transform them into beauties and objects of imitation。
It must be acknowledged that a peculiarity of style； either from its novelty； or by seeming to proceed from a peculiar turn of mind； often escapes blame； on the contrary； it is sometimes striking and pleasing； but this it is vain labour to endeavour to imitate； because novelty and peculiarity being its only merit； when it ceases to be new； it ceases to have value。
A manner； therefore； being a defect； and every painter； however excellent； having a manner； it seems to follow that all kinds of faults； as well as beauties； may be learned under the sanction of the greatest authorities。
Even the great name of Michael Angelo may be used to keep in countenance a deficiency； or rather neglect of colouring； and every other ornamental part of the art。
If the young student is dry and hard； Poussin is the same。 If his work has a careless and unfinished air； he has most of the Venetian School to support him。 If he makes no selection of objects； but takes individual nature just as he finds it； he is like Rembrandt。 If he is incorrect in the proportions of his figures； Correggio was likewise incorrect。 If his colours are not blended and united； Rubens was equally crude。
In short； there is no defect but may be excused； if it is a sufficient excuse that it can be imputed to considerable artists； but it must be remembered that it was not by these defects they acquired their reputation： they have a right to our pardon； but not to our admiration。
However； to imitate peculiarities or mistake defects for beauties that man will be most liable who confines his imitation to one favourite master； and； even though he chooses the best； and is capable of distinguishing the real excellences of his model； it is not by such narrow practice that a genius or mastery in the art is acquired。 A man is as little likely to form a true idea of the perfection of the art by studying a sing