按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
previously gathered and deposited in the memory。 Nothing can come of nothing。 He who has laid up no materials can produce no combinations。
A student unacquainted with the attempts of former adventurers is always apt to overrate his own abilities； to mistake the most trifling excursions for discoveries of moment； and every coast new to him for a new…found country。 If by chance he passes beyond his usual limits； he congratulates his own arrival at those regions which they who have steered a better course have long left behind them。
The productions of such minds are seldom distinguished by an air of originality： they are anticipated in their happiest efforts； and if they are found to differ in anything from their predecessors； it is only in irregular sallies and trifling conceits。 The more extensive therefore your acquaintance is with the works of those who have excelled the more extensive will be your powers of invention； and what may appear still more like a paradox； the more original will be your conceptions。 But the difficulty on this occasion is to determine who ought to be proposed as models of excellence； and who ought to be considered as the properest guides。
To a young man just arrived in Italy； many of the present painters of that country are ready enough to obtrude their precepts； and to offer their own performances as examples of that perfection which they affect to recommend。 The modern； however； who recommends HIMSELF as a standard； may justly be suspected as ignorant of the true end； and unacquainted with the proper object of the art which he professes。 To follow such a guide will not only retard the student； but mislead him。
On whom； then； can he rely； or who shall show him the path that leads to excellence？ The answer is obvious： Those great masters who have travelled the same road with success are the most likely to conduct others。 The works of those who have stood the test of ages have a claim to that respect and veneration to which no modern can pretend。 The duration and stability of their fame is sufficient to evince that it has not been suspended upon the slender thread of fashion and caprice； but bound to the human heart by every tie of sympathetic approbation。
There is no danger of studying too much the works of those great men； but how they may be studied to advantage is an inquiry of great importance。
Some who have never raised their minds to the consideration of the real dignity of the art； and who rate the works of an artist in proportion as they excel； or are defective in the mechanical parts； look on theory as something that may enable them to talk but not to paint better； and confining themselves entirely to mechanical practice； very assiduously toil on in the drudgery of copying； and think they make a rapid progress while they faithfully exhibit the minutest part of a favourite picture。 This appears to me a very tedious； and I think a very erroneous； method of proceeding。 Of every large composition； even of those which are most admired； a great part may be truly said to be common…place。 This； though it takes up much time in copying； conduces little to improvement。 I consider general copying as a delusive kind of industry； the student satisfies himself with the appearance of doing something； he falls into the dangerous habit of imitating without selecting； and of labouring without any determinate object； as it requires no effort of the mind； he sleeps over his work； and those powers of invention and composition which ought particularly to be called out and put in action lie torpid； and lose their energy for want of exercise。
It is an observation that all must have made； how incapable those are of producing anything of their own who have spent much of their time in making finished copies。
To suppose that the complication of powers； and variety of ideas necessary to that mind which aspires to the first honours ill the art of painting； can be obtained by the frigid contemplation of a few single models； is no less absurd than it would be in him who wishes to be a poet to imagine that by translating a tragedy he can acquire to himself sufficient knowledge of the appearances of nature； the operations of the passions； and the incidents of life。
The great use in copying； if it be at all useful； should seem to be in learning to colour； yet even colouring will never be perfectly attained by servilely copying the mould before you。 An eye critically nice can only be formed by observing well…coloured pictures with attention： and by close inspection； and minute examination you will discover； at last； the manner of handling； the artifices of contrast； glazing； and other expedients； by which good colourists have raised the value of their tints； and by which nature has been so happily imitated。
I must inform you； however； that old pictures deservedly celebrated for their colouring are often so changed by dirt and varnish； that we ought not to wonder if they do not appear equal to their reputation in the eyes of unexperienced painters； or young students。 An artist whose judgment is matured by long observation； considers rather what the picture once was； than what it is at present。 He has acquired a power by habit of seeing the brilliancy of tints through the cloud by which it is obscured。 An exact imitation； therefore； of those pictures； is likely to fill the student's mind with false opinions； and to send him back a colourist of his own formation； with ideas equally remote from nature and from art； from the genuine practice of the masters and the real appearances of things。
Following these rules； and using these precautions； when you have clearly and distinctly learned in what good colouring consists； you cannot do better than have recourse to nature herself； who is always at hand； and in comparison of whose true splendour the best coloured pictures are but faint and feeble。
However； as the practice of copying is not entirely to be excluded； since the mechanical practice of painting is learned in some measure by it； let those choice parts only be selected which have recommended the work to notice。 If its excellence consists in its general effect； it would be proper to make slight sketches of the machinery and general management of the picture。 Those sketches should be kept always by you for the regulation of your style。 Instead of copying the touches of those great masters； copy only their conceptions。 Instead of treading in their footsteps； endeavour only to keep the same road。 Labour to invent on their general principles and way of thinking。 Possess yourself with their spirit。 Consider with yourself how a Michael Angelo or a Raffaelle would have treated this subject： and work yourself into a belief that your picture is to be seen and criticised by them when completed。 Even an attempt of this kind will rouse your powers。
But as mere enthusiasm will carry you but a little way； let me recommend a practice that may be equivalent； and will perhaps more efficaciously contribute to your advancement； than even the verbal corrections of those masters themselves； could they be obtained。 What I would propose is； that you should enter into a kind of competition； by painting a similar subject； and making a companion to any picture that you consider as a model。 After you have finished your work； place it near the model； and compare them carefully together。 You will then not only see； but feel your own deficiencies more sensibly than by precepts； or any other means of instruction。 The true principles of painting will mingle with your thoughts。 Ideas thus fixed by sensible objects； will be certain and definitive； and sinking deep into the mind； will not only be more just； but more lasting than those presented to you by precepts only： which will； always be fleeting； variable； and undetermined。
This method of comparing your own efforts with those of some great master； is indeed a severe and mortifying task； to which none will submit； but such as have great views； with fortitude sufficient to forego the gratifications of present vanity for future honour。 When the student has succeeded in some measure to his own satisfaction； and has felicitated himself on his success； to go voluntarily to a tribunal where he knows his vanity must be humbled； and all self…approbation must vanish； requires not only great resolution； but great humility。 To him； however； who has the Ambition to be a real master； the solid satisfaction which proceeds from a consciousness of his advancement （of which seeing his own faults is the first step） will very abundantly compensate for the mortification of present disappointment。 There is； besides； this alleviating circumstance。 Every discovery he makes； every acquisition of knowledge he attains； seems to proceed from his own sagacity； and thus he acquires a confidence in himself sufficient to keep up the resolution of perseverance。
We all must have experienced how lazily； and consequently how ineffectually； instruction is received when forced upon the mind by others。 Few have been taught to any purpose who have not been their own teachers。 We prefer those instructions which we have given ourselves； from our affection to the instructor； and the