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me time； he was the prey of the low…class journals； which attacked him maliciously。 At this period； Balzac was passing through a second attack of dandyism。 He was once again to be seen at the Opera； at the Bouffes and at the fashionable salons。 He sported a monstrous walking stick； the handle of which was set with turquoises； he showed himself in the box occupied by an ultra…fashionable set known as the 〃Tigers；〃 wearing a blue coat； adorned with golden buttons； 〃buttons；〃 he said； 〃wrought by the hand of a fairy〃； and he had a 〃divine lorgnette；〃 which had been made for him by the optician of the Observatory。 He began to be laughed at； and； gossip taking a hand； his glorious luxury was attributed to the generosity of an elderly Englishwoman； Lady Anelsy； whose lucky favourite he was supposed to be。 His walking stick especiallya stick that； in his estimation； was worthy of Louis XIVexcited curiosity。 It was ridiculed； decried and admired。 Mme。 de Girardin wrote a novel around it； Monsieur de Balzac's Walking Stick； in which she attributed to it the power of rendering invisible whoever held it in his left hand。
He had a carriage adorned with his monogram； surmounted by the arms of the d'Entragues； he frequented the salons of the Rothschilds； and of Mme。 Appony； the wife of the Austrian ambassador； he gave magnificent dinners to Latour…Mezeray； to Sandeau； to Nodier； to Malitourne and to Rossini； who declared that he had 〃never seen； eaten or drunken anything better； even at the tables of kings。〃
Then； suddenly； Balzac returned to the fierce heat of production； he abandoned his friends and acquaintances； and became invisible for months at a time； buried in his hiding…place at Chaillot； or else taking refuge at the home of M。 de Margonne at Sache； or of Mme。 Carraud at Frapesle。 And when he reappeared； it was with his hands laden with masterpieces； his eye more commanding and his brow held high with noble pride。 With a speed of production that no one has ever equalled he turned forth； one after another； his great novels； Old Goriot； The Lily in the Valley； Seraphita； The Atheist's Mass； The Interdiction； The Cabinet of Antiques； Facino Cane； and he revised； corrected and remodelled a part of his earlier works into the Philosophic Studies which he brought out through Werdet； and his Studies of Manners； published by Mme。 Bechet。 His plan had grown still larger； the formidable creation with which his brain was teeming was taking organic shape； and he now perceived the architecture of his vast monument。 He expounded it to Mme。 Hanska； with justifiable pride：
〃I believe that by 1838 the three divisions of this gigantic work will be； if not completed； at least superposed； so that it will be possible to judge the mass of the structure。
〃The Studies of Manners are intended to represent all social effects so completely that no situation in life； no physiognomy； no character of man or woman； no manner of living； no profession； no social zone； no section of France； nor anything whatever relating to childhood； maturity or old age； to politics； justice or war； shall be forgotten。
〃This being determined； the history of the human heart traced thread by thread； and the history of society recorded in all its parts； we have the foundation。 There will be no imaginary incidents in it； it will consist solely of what is happening everywhere。
〃Then comes the second story of my structure； the Philosophic Studies； for after the effects we shall examine the causes。 In the Studies of Manners I shall already have painted for you the play of the emotions and the movement of life。 In the Philosophic Studies I shall expound the why of the emotions and the wherefore of life； what is the range and what are the conditions outside of which neither society nor man can exist； and； after having surveyed society in order to describe it； I shall survey it again in order to judge it。 Accordingly the Studies of Manners contain typical individuals； while the Philosophic Studies contain individualised types。 Thus on all sides I shall have created life： for the type by individualising it； and for the individual by converting him into a type。 I shall endow the fragment with thought； and I shall have endowed thought with individual life。
〃Then； after the effects and causes； will come the Analytic Studies； of which the Physiology of Marriage will form part： for after the effects and causes； the next thing to be sought is the principles。 The manners are the performance； the causes are the stage setting and properties； and the principles are the author； but in proportion as my work circles higher and higher into the realms of thought； it narrows and condenses。 If it requires twenty…four volumes for the Studies of Manners； it will not require more than fifteen for the Philosophic Studies； and it will not require more than nine for the Analytic Studies。 In this way； man； society and humanity will have been described； judged and analysed； without repetition； resulting in a work which will stand as the Thousand and One Nights of the Occident。
〃When the whole is completed； my edifice achieved； my pediment sculptured； my scaffolding cleared away； my final touches given； it will be proved that I was either right or wrong。 But after having been a poet； after having demonstrated an entire social system； I shall revert to science in an Essay on the Human Powers。 And around the base of my palatial structure； with boyish glee I shall trace the immense arabesque of my Hundred Droll Tales。〃
Think of the courage that it needed not to recoil before this superhuman task； planned with such amplitude and precision！ Yet； aside from a few rare days of discouragement； Balzac did not feel that it was beyond his powers。 After each brief period of weakening； his optimism always reappeared； and having indicated his goal； he concluded： 〃Some day when I have finished； we can have a good laugh。 But today I must work。〃
Accordingly he worked； not only 〃today；〃 but every day； in the midst of the material uncertainty created by his accumulated debts； his lawsuits； and his need of luxury； and his method of work was to retire at six o'clock in the evening； rise at two in the morning； and remain sometimes more than sixteen hours before his table； wrestling with his task。
Nevertheless he was able to escape in May； 1835； for a trip to Vienna to see Mme。 Hanska； enjoy a fortnight of happiness； and return to Paris with his heart in holiday mood。 His good humour never deserted him。 He related how； lacking any knowledge of German； he devised a way of paying his postilion。 At each relay he summoned him to the door of the carriage and； looking him fixedly in the eye； dropped kreutzers into his hands one by one； and when he saw the postilion smile he withdrew the last kreutzer； knowing that he had been amply paid！
Returning to Paris by the eleventh of June； Balzac found nothing but a new crop of sorrows and anxieties awaiting him； together with 〃three or four months of hard labour〃 in perspective。 His publisher； Werdet； had not been able to meet his payments； and his sister Laure had been obliged to pawn all her brother's silver at the Mont…de…Piete； in order to save the notes from being protested。 On the other hand； his mother was seriously ill； it was feared the result would be either death or insanity； and his brother Henri had reached a state in which he was on the point of blowing out his brains。 Family sorrows； money troubles； such was perpetually his fate！ and accordingly he redoubled his courage。 He had been working not more than sixteen hours consecutively； but now he worked for twenty…four at a stretch； and after five hours sleep began again this new schedule which practically meant an average of twenty…one and one…half working hours per day。 He would be able to earn eight thousand francs； but in order to do so he must deliver within forty days the last chapters of Seraphita and the Young Brides to the Revue de Paris； the Lily in the Valley to the Revue des Deux Mondes； and an article for the Conservateur； all of which was equivalent to writing four hundred and forty…eight pages。
And still this did not satisfy him！ His ambition pushed him once again towards his earlier political designs。 He counted upon the support of the reviews for which he was writing； he planned to found two newspapers； and dreamed of creating a party composed of the intellectual element； of which he would naturally be the leader。 It was in this spirit that； during the last months of 1835； he acquired the Chronique de Paris； of which he became the director。 To this weekly periodical； which henceforth appeared twice a week； Balzac summoned a brilliant editorial staffhe always disdained to supervise any other than shining lightsincluding Gustave Planche； Nodier； Theophile Gautier； Charles de Bernard； while the illustrations were furnished by Gavarni and Daumier。 Since he already aspired to a foreign ministry or ambassadorship； he reserved the department of foreign affairs for himself； and for more than a year he treated of European diplomacy with extraordinary penetration and accuracy。 He made prodigious efforts to keep his review on its feet； but in spite of his activity and the talent of his collaborators； the Chron