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cynic or bribe…taker。 Men were robbed of every vestige of faith or even of charity； they came to feel； perforce； that there was nothing outside the capacity for taking and keeping。 The surface might appear commonplaceordinary men of the state of Illinois going here and theresimple farmers and small…town senators and representatives conferring and meditating and wondering what they could doyet a jungle…like complexity was present； a dark； rank growth of horrific but avid lifelife at the full； life knife in hand； life blazing with courage and dripping at the jaws with hunger。
However； because of the terrific uproar the more cautious legislators were by degrees becoming fearful。 Friends in their home towns； at the instigation of the papers； were beginning to write them。 Political enemies were taking heart。 It meant too much of a sacrifice on the part of everybody。 In spite of the fact that the bait was apparently within easy reach； many became evasive and disturbed。 When a certain Representative Sparks； cocked and primed； with the bill in his pocket； arose upon the floor of the house； asking leave to have it spread upon the minutes； there was an instant explosion。 The privilege of the floor was requested by a hundred。 Another representative； Disback； being in charge of the opposition to Cowperwood； had made a count of noses and was satisfied in spite of all subtlety on the part of the enemy that he had at least one hundred and two votes； the necessary two…thirds wherewith to crush any measure which might originate on the floor。 Nevertheless； his followers； because of caution； voted it to a second and a third reading。 All sorts of amendments were madeone for a three…cent fare during the rush…hours； another for a 20 per cent。 tax on gross receipts。 In amended form the measure was sent to the senate； where the changes were stricken out and the bill once more returned to the house。 Here； to Cowperwood's chagrin； signs were made manifest that it could not be passed。 〃It can't be done； Frank；〃 said Judge Dickensheets。 〃It's too grilling a game。 Their home papers are after them。 They can't live。〃
Consequently a second measure was devisedmore soothing and lulling to the newspapers； but far less satisfactory to Cowperwood。 It conferred upon the Chicago City Council； by a trick of revising the old Horse and Dummy Act of 1865； the right to grant a franchise for fifty instead of for twenty years。 This meant that Cowperwood would have to return to Chicago and fight out his battle there。 It was a severe blow； yet better than nothing。 Providing that he could win one more franchise battle within the walls of the city council in Chicago； it would give him all that he desired。 But could he？ Had he not come here to the legislature especially to evade such a risk？ His motives were enduring such a blistering exposure。 Yet perhaps； after all； if the price were large enough the Chicago councilmen would have more real courage than these country legislatorswould dare more。 They would have to。
So； after Heaven knows what desperate whisperings； conferences； arguments； and heartening of members； there was originated a second measure whichafter the defeat of the first bill； 104 to 49was introduced； by way of a very complicated path； through the judiciary committee。 It was passed； and Governor Archer； after heavy hours of contemplation and self…examination； signed it。 A little man mentally； he failed to estimate an aroused popular fury at its true import to him。 At his elbow was Cowperwood in the clear light of day； snapping his fingers in the face of his enemies； showing by the hard； cheerful glint in his eye that he was still master of the situation； giving all assurance that he would yet live to whip the Chicago papers into submission。 Besides； in the event of the passage of the bill； Cowperwood had promised to make Archer independently richa cash reward of five hundred thousand dollars。
Chapter LIX
Capital and Public Rights
Between the passage on June 5； 1897； of the Mears billso christened after the doughty representative who had received a small fortune for introducing itand its presentation to the Chicago City Council in December of the same year； what broodings； plottings； politickings； and editorializings on the part of all and sundry！ In spite of the intense feeling of opposition to Cowperwood there was at the same time in local public life one stratum of commercial and phlegmatic substance that could not view him in an altogether unfavorable light。 They were in business themselves。 His lines passed their doors and served them。 They could not see wherein his street…railway service differed so much from that which others might give。 Here was the type of materialist who in Cowperwood's defiance saw a justification of his own material point of view and was not afraid to say so。 But as against these there were the preacherspoor wind…blown sticks of unreason who saw only what the current palaver seemed to indicate。 Again there were the anarchists； socialists； single…taxers； and public…ownership advocates。 There were the very poor who saw in Cowperwood's wealth and in the fabulous stories of his New York home and of his art…collection a heartless exploitation of their needs。 At this time the feeling was spreading broadcast in America that great political and economic changes were at handthat the tyranny of iron masters at the top was to give way to a richer； freer； happier life for the rank and file。 A national eight…hour…day law was being advocated； and the public ownership of public franchises。 And here now was a great street…railway corporation； serving a population of a million and a half； occupying streets which the people themselves created by their presence； taking toll from all these humble citizens to the amount of sixteen or eighteen millions of dollars in the year and giving in return； so the papers said； poor service； shabby cars； no seats at rush…hours； no universal transfers （as a matter of fact； there were in operation three hundred and sixty…two separate transfer points） and no adequate tax on the immense sums earned。 The workingman who read this by gas or lamp light in the kitchen or parlor of his shabby flat or cottage； and who read also in other sections of his paper of the free； reckless； glorious lives of the rich； felt himself to be defrauded of a portion of his rightful inheritance。 It was all a question of compelling Frank A。 Cowperwood to do his duty by Chicago。 He must not again be allowed to bribe the aldermen； he must not be allowed to have a fifty…year franchise； the privilege of granting which he had already bought from the state legislature by the degradation of honest men。 He must be made to succumb； to yield to the forces of law and order。 It was claimedand with a justice of which those who made the charge were by no means fully awarethat the Mears bill had been put through the house and senate by the use of cold cash； proffered even to the governor himself。 No legal proof of this was obtainable； but Cowperwood was assumed to be a briber on a giant scale。 By the newspaper cartoons he was represented as a pirate commander ordering his men to scuttle another vesselthe ship of Public Rights。 He was pictured as a thief； a black mask over his eyes； and as a seducer； throttling Chicago； the fair maiden； while he stole her purse。 The fame of this battle was by now becoming world…wide。 In Montreal； in Cape Town； in Buenos Ayres and Melbourne； in London and Paris； men were reading of this singular struggle。 At last； and truly； he was a national and international figure。 His original dream； however； modified by circumstances； had literally been fulfilled。
Meanwhile be it admitted that the local elements in finance which had brought about this terrific onslaught on Cowperwood were not a little disturbed as to the eventual character of the child of their own creation。 Here at last was a public opinion definitely inimical to Cowperwood； but here also were they themselves； tremendous profit…holders； with a desire for just such favors as Cowperwood himself had exacted； deliberately setting out to kill the goose that could lay the golden egg。 Men such as Haeckelheimer； Gotloeb； Fishel； tremendous capitalists in the East and foremost in the directorates of huge transcontinental lines； international banking…houses； and the like； were amazed that the newspapers and the anti…Cowperwood element should have gone so far in Chicago。 Had they no respect for capital？ Did they not know that long…time franchises were practically the basis of all modern capitalistic prosperity？ Such theories as were now being advocated here would spread to other cities unless checked。 America might readily become anti…capitalisticsocialistic。 Public ownership might appear as a workable theoryand then what？
〃Those men out there are very foolish；〃 observed Mr。 Haeckelheimer at one time to Mr。 Fishel； of Fishel； Stone & Symons。 〃I can't see that Mr。 Cowperwood is different from any other organizer of his day。 He seems to me perfectly sound and able。 All his companies pay。 There are no better investments than the North and West Chicago railways。 It would be advisable； in my judgment； that all