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proposed roads to freedom(通往自由之路)-第21章

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industry; since it is in regard to agriculture that the difficulties are chiefly 

supposed   to   arise。   Broadly   speaking;   industrial   production   tends   to   be 

cheaper   when it is   carried   on   on   a   large   scale;   and therefore there   is   no 

reason     in  industry    why   an   increase    in  the   demand     should    lead   to  an 

increased cost of supply。 

     Passing     now    from    the   purely    technical    and    material    side   of  the 

problem of production; we come to the human factor; the motives leading 

men to work; the possibilities of efficient organization of production; and 

the connection of production with distribution。 Defenders of the existing 

system     maintain     that  efficient   work     would    be   impossible     without    the 

economic stimulus; and that if the wage system were abolished men would 

cease   to   do   enough   work   to   keep   the   community   in   tolerable   comfort。 

Through   the   alleged   necessity   of   the   economic   motive;   the   problems   of 

production and distribution become intertwined。 The desire for a more just 

distribution of the world's goods is the main inspiration of most Socialism 

and    Anarchism。       We    must;   therefore;    consider    whether     the   system    of 

distribution   which   they  propose   would be   likely  to   lead   to   a   diminished 

production。 

     There is a fundamental difference between Socialism and Anarchism 

as regards the question of distribution。 Socialism; at any rate in most of its 

forms;   would   retain   payment   for   work   done   or   for   willingness   to   work; 

and; except in the case of persons incapacitated by age or infirmity; would 

make   willingness   to   work   a   condition   of   subsistence;   or   at   any   rate   of 

subsistence above a certain very low minimum。 Anarchism; on the other 

hand; aims at granting to everyone; without any conditions whatever; just 

as much of all ordinary commodities as he or she may care to consume; 

while     the  rarer   com…    modities;    of  which    the   supply    cannot    easily   be 

indefinitely increased; would be rationed and divided equally among the 

population。   Thus   Anarchism   would   not   impose   any   OBLIGATIONS   of 

work;  though Anarchists believe   that   the necessary  work   could be   made 



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sufficiently agreeable for the vast majority of the population to undertake 

it   voluntarily。   Socialists;   on   the  other   hand;   would   exact   work。   Some   of 

them would   make   the incomes   of   all   workers equal;   while   others   would 

retain   higher   pay   for   the   work   which   is   considered   more   valuable。   All 

these   different   systems   are   compatible   with   the   common   ownership   of 

land and capital; though they differ greatly as regards the kind of society 

which they would produce。 

     Socialism       with    inequality     of  income      would     not   differ   greatly    as 

regards the economic stimulus to work from the society in which we live。 

Such differences as it would entail would undoubtedly be to the good from 

our present point of view。 Under the existing system many people enjoy 

idleness   and   affluence   through   the   mere   accident   of   inheriting   land   or 

capital。 Many others; through their activities in industry or finance; enjoy 

an income which is certainly very far in excess of anything to which their 

social     utility  entitles   them。    On    the   other   hand;    it  often   happens      that 

inventors and discoverers; whose work has the very greatest social utility; 

are   robbed   of   their   reward   either   by   capitalists   or   by   the   failure   of   the 

public to appreciate their work until too late。 The better paid work is only 

open   to   those   who   have   been   able   to   afford   an   expensive   training;   and 

these   men   are   selected   in   the   main   not   by   merit   but   by  luck。  The   wage 

earner is not paid for his willingness to work; but only for his utility to the 

employer。   Consequently;   he   may   be   plunged   into   destitution   by   causes 

over which he has no control。 Such destitution is a constant fear; and when 

it occurs it produces undeserved suffering; and often deterioration in the 

social   value     of  the   sufferer。   These     are   a  few   among      the  evils   of  our 

existing   system   from   the   standpoint   of   production。   All   these   evils   we 

might expect to see remedied under any system of Socialism。 

     There   are   two   questions   which   need   to   be   considered   when   we   are 

discussing how far work requires the economic motive。 The first question 

is:   Must   society   give   higher   pay   for   the   more   skilled   or   socially   more 

valuable   work;   if   such   work   is   to   be   done   in   sufficient   quantities?   The 

second   question   is:   Could   work   be   made   so   attractive   that   enough   of   it 

would be done even if idlers received just as much of the produce of work? 

The first of these questions concerns the division between two schools of 



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Socialists:    the   more    moderate     Socialists   sometimes     concede     that  even 

under Socialism it would be well to retain unequal pay for different kinds 

of work; while the more thoroughgoing Socialists advocate equal incomes 

for all workers。 The second question; on the other hand; forms a division 

between Socialists and Anarchists; the latter would not deprive a man of 

commodities if he did not work; while the former in general would。 

     Our second question is so much more fundamental than our first that it 

must be discussed at once; and in the course of this discussion what needs 

to be said on our first question will find its place naturally。 

     Wages   or   Free   Sharing?‘‘Abolition   of   the   wages   system''   is   one   of 

the watchwords common to Anarchists and advanced Socialists。 But in its 

most natural sense it is a watchword to which only the Anarchists have a 

right。    In   the   Anarchist      conception      of   society    all   the   commoner 

commodities   will   be   available   to   everyone   without   stint;   in   the   kind   of 

way in which water is available at present。'41' Advo… cates of this system 

point out that it applies already to many things which formerly had to be 

paid for; e。g。; roads and bridges。 They point out that it might very easily be 

extended to trams and   local trains。 They  proceed to argueas  Kropotkin 

does by means of his proofs that the soil might be made indefinitely more 

productivethat all the commoner kinds of food could be given away to 

all   who    demanded      them;   since   it  would    be  easy   to  produce     them   in 

quantities adequate to any possible demand。 If this system were extended 

to all the necessaries of life; everyone's bare livelihood would be secured; 

quite regardless of the way in which he might choose to spend his time。 As 

for commodities which cannot be produced in indefinite quantities; such 

as luxuries and delicacies; they also; according to the Anarchists; are to be 

distributed     without    payment;     but  on   a  system    of  rations;   the   amount 

available being divided equally among the population。 No doubt; though 

this   is   not   said;   something   like   a   price   will   have   to   be   put   upon   these 

luxuries; so that a man may be free to choose how he will take his share: 

one man will prefer good wine; another the finest Havana cigars; another 

pictures or beautiful furniture。 Presumably; every man will be allowed to 

take such luxuries as are his due in whatever form he prefers; the relative 

prices being fixed so as to equalize the demand。 In such a world as this; 



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the economic stimulus to production will have wholly disappeared; and if 

work is to continue it must be from other motives。'42' 

       '41' ‘‘Notwithstanding the egotistic turn given to the public mind by 

the    merchant…production          of  our   century;    the   Communist        tendency      is 

continually reasserting itself   and trying   to   make   its way  into public life。 

The   penny   bridge   disappears   before   the   public   bridge;   and   the   turnpike 

road   before   the   free   road。   The   same   spirit   pervades   thousands   of   other 

institutions。   Museums;   free   libraries;   and   free   public   schools;   parks   and 

pleasure     grounds;    
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