ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡ÔĶÁ¹ý³Ì·¢ÏÖÈκδíÎóÇë¸æËßÎÒÃÇ£¬Ð»Ð»£¡£¡ ±¨¸æ´íÎó
¾ÅÉ«Êé¼® ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ½øÈëÊé°É ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©

proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ32ÕÂ

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




enormously¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡diminish¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡strength¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡competitive¡¡¡¡¡¡instinct¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡

economic¡¡reorganization¡¡can¡¡effect¡¡this¡¡it¡¡may¡¡pro¡­¡¡vide¡¡a¡¡real¡¡safeguard¡¡

against¡¡war£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡not£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡feared¡¡that¡¡the¡¡hopes¡¡of¡¡universal¡¡peace¡¡

will¡¡prove¡¡delusive¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡abolition¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡capitalism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡might£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡likely¡¡¡¡¡¡would£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡greatly¡¡

diminish¡¡the¡¡incentives¡¡to¡¡war¡¡which¡¡are¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Press¡¡and¡¡from¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡desire¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡finance¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡fields¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡investment¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡undeveloped¡¡

countries£»¡¡but¡¡those¡¡which¡¡are¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡the¡¡instinct¡¡of¡¡command¡¡and¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡impatience¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡opposition¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡remain£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡though¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡perhaps¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡

virulent¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡¡¡¡¡democracy¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡almost¡¡

always¡¡more¡¡bellicose¡¡than¡¡one¡¡which¡¡is¡¡excluded¡¡from¡¡its¡¡due¡¡share¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

government¡£¡¡The¡¡internationalism¡¡of¡¡Marx¡¡is¡¡based¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡assumption¡¡

that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡proletariat¡¡¡¡¡¡everywhere¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡oppressed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ruling¡¡¡¡¡¡classes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡

last¡¡words¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Communist¡¡Manifesto¡¡embody¡¡this¡¡idea¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Let¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ruling¡¡¡¡¡¡classes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tremble¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡Communistic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡revolution¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡

proletarians¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡lose¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡chains¡£¡¡They¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

win¡£¡¡Working¡¡men¡¡of¡¡all¡¡countries£»¡¡unite£¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡So¡¡long¡¡as¡¡the¡¡proletarians¡¡have¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡lose¡¡but¡¡their¡¡chains£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡

not¡¡likely¡¡that¡¡their¡¡enmity¡¡will¡¡be¡¡directed¡¡against¡¡other¡¡proletarians¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡

the¡¡world¡¡had¡¡developed¡¡as¡¡Marx¡¡¡¡¡¡expected£»¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡internationalism¡¡

which¡¡he¡¡foresaw¡¡might¡¡have¡¡inspired¡¡a¡¡universal¡¡social¡¡revolution¡£¡¡Russia£»¡¡

which¡¡devel¡­¡¡oped¡¡more¡¡nearly¡¡than¡¡any¡¡other¡¡country¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡lines¡¡of¡¡

his¡¡¡¡¡¡system£»¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡kind¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡expected¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

development¡¡in¡¡other¡¡countries¡¡had¡¡been¡¡similar£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡highly¡¡probable¡¡that¡¡

this¡¡¡¡¡¡revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡spread¡¡¡¡¡¡throughout¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡civilized¡¡¡¡¡¡world¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡

proletariat¡¡of¡¡all¡¡countries¡¡might¡¡have¡¡united¡¡against¡¡the¡¡capitalists¡¡as¡¡their¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡99¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡100¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



common¡¡enemy£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡bond¡¡of¡¡an¡¡identical¡¡hatred¡¡they¡¡might¡¡for¡¡the¡¡

moment¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡hatred¡¡¡¡¡¡toward¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Even¡¡¡¡¡¡then£»¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡

ground¡¡of¡¡union¡¡would¡¡have¡¡ceased¡¡with¡¡their¡¡victory£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡morrow¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡social¡¡¡¡¡¡revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡¡¡¡¡national¡¡¡¡¡¡rivalries¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡revived¡£¡¡

There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡alchemy¡¡by¡¡which¡¡a¡¡universal¡¡harmony¡¡can¡¡be¡¡produced¡¡out¡¡of¡¡

hatred¡£¡¡Those¡¡who¡¡have¡¡been¡¡inspired¡¡to¡¡action¡¡by¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡class¡¡

war¡¡will¡¡have¡¡acquired¡¡the¡¡habit¡¡of¡¡hatred£»¡¡and¡¡will¡¡instinctively¡¡seek¡¡new¡¡

enemies¡¡when¡¡the¡¡old¡¡ones¡¡have¡¡been¡¡vanquished¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡¡fact¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡psychology¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡working¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Western¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡democracies¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡totally¡¡¡¡¡¡unlike¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡assumed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Communist¡¡Manifesto¡£¡¡He¡¡does¡¡not¡¡by¡¡any¡¡means¡¡feel¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡nothing¡¡

to¡¡lose¡¡but¡¡his¡¡chains£»¡¡nor¡¡indeed¡¡is¡¡this¡¡true¡£¡¡The¡¡chains¡¡which¡¡bind¡¡Asia¡¡

and¡¡Africa¡¡in¡¡subjection¡¡to¡¡Europe¡¡are¡¡partly¡¡riveted¡¡by¡¡him¡£¡¡He¡¡is¡¡himself¡¡

part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡tyranny¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡exploitation¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Universal¡¡¡¡¡¡freedom¡¡

would¡¡remove£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡his¡¡own¡¡chains£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡comparatively¡¡light£»¡¡but¡¡

the¡¡far¡¡heavier¡¡chains¡¡which¡¡he¡¡has¡¡helped¡¡to¡¡fasten¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡races¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Not¡¡only¡¡do¡¡the¡¡working¡¡men¡¡of¡¡a¡¡country¡¡like¡¡England¡¡have¡¡a¡¡share¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡benefit¡¡¡¡¡¡accruing¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡exploitation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡inferior¡¡¡¡¡¡races£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡

among¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalist¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡funds¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Trade¡¡Unions¡¡and¡¡Friendly¡¡Societies¡¡are¡¡invested¡¡in¡¡ordinary¡¡undertakings£»¡¡

such¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡railways£»¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡better¡­paid¡¡¡¡¡¡wage¡­earners¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡put¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡

savings¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡securities£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡almost¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡politically¡¡

active¡¡¡¡¡¡feel¡¡¡¡¡¡themselves¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡forces¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡determine¡¡¡¡¡¡public¡¡¡¡¡¡policy£»¡¡

through¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Labor¡¡¡¡¡¡Party¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡greater¡¡¡¡¡¡unions¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Owing¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

these¡¡¡¡¡¡causes¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡outlook¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡considerable¡¡¡¡¡¡extent¡¡

impregnated¡¡with¡¡capitalism¡¡and¡¡as¡¡their¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡power¡¡has¡¡grown£»¡¡their¡¡

nationalism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡increased¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡continue¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡true¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡

internationalism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡based¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hatred¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

adherence¡¡to¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡class¡¡war¡£¡¡Something¡¡more¡¡positive¡¡and¡¡

constructive¡¡than¡¡this¡¡is¡¡needed¡¡if¡¡governing¡¡democracies¡¡are¡¡not¡¡to¡¡inherit¡¡

the¡¡vices¡¡of¡¡governing¡¡classes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡past¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡be¡¡thought¡¡to¡¡deny¡¡that¡¡capitalism¡¡does¡¡very¡¡much¡¡to¡¡

promote¡¡¡¡¡¡wars£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡wars¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡probably¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡frequent¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡100¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡101¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



destructive¡¡if¡¡private¡¡property¡¡were¡¡abolished¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡I¡¡believe¡¡

that¡¡the¡¡abolition¡¡of¡¡private¡¡ownership¡¡of¡¡land¡¡and¡¡capital¡¡is¡¡a¡¡necessary¡¡

step¡¡toward¡¡any¡¡world¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡nations¡¡are¡¡to¡¡live¡¡at¡¡peace¡¡with¡¡one¡¡

another¡£¡¡I¡¡am¡¡only¡¡arguing¡¡that¡¡this¡¡step£»¡¡necessary¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is£»¡¡will¡¡not¡¡alone¡¡

suffice¡¡for¡¡this¡¡end£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡among¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡war¡¡there¡¡are¡¡others¡¡that¡¡

go¡¡deeper¡¡into¡¡the¡¡roots¡¡of¡¡human¡¡nature¡¡than¡¡any¡¡that¡¡orthodox¡¡Socialists¡¡

are¡¡wont¡¡to¡¡acknowledge¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Let¡¡us¡¡take¡¡an¡¡instance¡£¡¡In¡¡Australia¡¡and¡¡California¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡intense¡¡

dislike¡¡and¡¡fear¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡yellow¡¡races¡£¡¡The¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡this¡¡are¡¡complex£»¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡chief¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡two£»¡¡¡¡¡¡labor¡¡¡¡¡¡competition¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡instinctive¡¡¡¡¡¡race¡­¡¡

hatred¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡probable¡¡that£»¡¡if¡¡race¡­¡¡hatred¡¡did¡¡not¡¡exist£»¡¡the¡¡difficulties¡¡of¡¡

labor¡¡competition¡¡could¡¡be¡¡overcome¡£¡¡European¡¡immigrants¡¡also¡¡compete£»¡¡

but¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡excluded¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡sparsely¡¡¡¡¡¡populated¡¡¡¡¡¡country£»¡¡¡¡¡¡industrious¡¡

cheap¡¡labor¡¡could£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡little¡¡care£»¡¡be¡¡so¡¡utilized¡¡as¡¡to¡¡enrich¡¡the¡¡existing¡¡

inhabitants£»¡¡it¡¡might£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡be¡¡confined¡¡to¡¡certain¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡work£»¡¡by¡¡

custom¡¡if¡¡not¡¡by¡¡law¡£¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡race¡­hatred¡¡opens¡¡¡¡¡¡men's¡¡minds¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡evils¡¡of¡¡

competition¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡closes¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡advantages¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡co¡­operation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡

makes¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡horror¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡somewhat¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡unfamiliar¡¡¡¡¡¡vices¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡

aliens£»¡¡while¡¡our¡¡own¡¡vices¡¡are¡¡viewed¡¡with¡¡mild¡¡toleration¡£¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡but¡¡

think¡¡that£»¡¡if¡¡Australia¡¡were¡¡completely¡¡socialized£»¡¡there¡¡would¡¡still¡¡remain¡¡

the¡¡same¡¡popular¡¡objection¡¡as¡¡at¡¡present¡¡to¡¡any¡¡large¡¡influx¡¡of¡¡Chinese¡¡or¡¡

Japanese¡¡¡¡¡¡labor¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Yet¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡Japan¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialist¡¡¡¡¡¡State£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Japanese¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡continue¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡feel¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pressure¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡population¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

desire¡¡for¡¡an¡¡outlet¡£¡¡In¡¡such¡¡circumstances£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡passions¡¡and¡¡interests¡¡

required¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡produce¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡exist£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡spite¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡establishment¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡countries¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Ants¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡completely¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialistic¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡

community¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡possibly¡¡¡¡¡¡be£»¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡put¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡death¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡ant¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡strays¡¡

among¡¡them¡¡by¡¡mistake¡¡from¡¡a¡¡neighboring¡¡ant¡­heap¡£¡¡Men¡¡do¡¡not¡¡differ¡¡

much¡¡from¡¡ants£»¡¡as¡¡regards¡¡their¡¡instincts¡¡in¡¡this¡¡respect£»¡¡where¡­¡¡ever¡¡there¡¡

is¡¡a¡¡great¡¡divergence¡¡of¡¡race£»¡¡as¡¡between¡¡white¡¡men¡¡and¡¡yellow¡¡men¡£¡¡Of¡¡

course¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡instinct¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡race¡­hostility¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡overcome¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡suitable¡¡

circumstances£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡absence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡circumstances¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡remains¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

formidable¡¡menace¡¡to¡¡the¡¡world's¡¡peace¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡the¡¡peace¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡is¡¡ever¡¡to¡¡become¡¡secure£»¡¡I¡¡believe¡¡there¡¡will¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡101¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡102¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



have¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be£»¡¡¡¡¡¡along¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡changes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡development¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡idea¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡

inspires¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡project¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡League¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Nations¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡goes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

destructiveness¡¡of¡¡war¡¡grows¡¡greater¡¡and¡¡its¡¡profits¡¡grow¡¡less£º¡¡the¡¡rational¡¡

argument¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡¡¡¡¡¡acquires¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡force¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡increasing¡¡

productivity¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡labor¡¡¡¡¡¡makes¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡possible¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡devote¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡greater¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡greater¡¡

proportion¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡population¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡mutual¡¡¡¡¡¡slaughter¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡quiet¡¡

times£»¡¡or¡¡when¡¡a¡¡great¡¡war¡¡has¡¡just¡¡ended£»¡¡men's¡¡moods¡¡are¡¡amenable¡¡to¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡rational¡¡¡¡¡¡grounds¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡favor¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡peace£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡possible¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡inaugurate¡¡

schemes¡¡designed¡¡to¡¡make¡¡wars¡¡less¡¡frequent¡£¡¡Probably¡¡no¡¡civilized¡¡nation¡¡

would¡¡embark¡¡upon¡¡an¡¡aggressive¡¡war¡¡if¡¡it¡¡were¡¡fairly¡¡certain¡¡in¡¡advance¡¡

that¡¡the¡¡aggressor¡¡must¡¡be¡¡defeated¡£¡¡This¡¡could¡¡be¡¡achieved¡¡if¡¡most¡¡great¡¡

nations¡¡came¡¡to¡¡regard¡¡the¡¡peace¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡as¡¡of¡¡such¡¡importance¡¡that¡¡

they¡¡would¡¡side¡¡against¡¡an¡¡aggressor¡¡even¡¡in¡¡a¡¡quarrel
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
δÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡