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proposed roads to freedom(通往自由之路)-第41章

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adequate to any possible demand; to be given away freely to all who ask 

for them; in any amounts they may require。 The question whether this plan 

should be adopted is; to my mind; a purely technical one: would it be; in 

fact; possible to adopt it without much waste and consequent diversion of 

labor   to   the   production   of   necessaries   when   it   might   be   more   usefully 

employed otherwise? I have not the means of answering this question; but 

I   think   it   exceedingly   probable   that;   sooner   or   later;   with   the   continued 

improvement         in   the  methods      of   production;     this   Anarchist     plan    will 

become feasible; and when it does; it certainly ought to be adopted。 

     Women in domestic work; whether married or unmarried; will receive 

pay as they would if they were in industry。 This will secure the complete 

economic independence of wives; which is difficult to achieve in any other 

way;  since   mothers   of   young   children ought not   to be   expected to   work 

outside the home。 

     The   expense   of   children   will   not   fall;   as   at   present;   on   the   parents。 

They      will   receive;    like   adults;   their   share    of   necessaries;     and    their 

education will be free。'60' There is no longer to be the present competition 

for scholarships among the abler children: they will not be imbued  with 

the   competitive   spirit   from   infancy;   or   forced   to   use   their   brains   to   an 

unnatural   degree   with   consequent   listlessness   and   lack   of   health   in   later 

life。   Education   will   be   far   more   diversified   than   at   present;   greater   care 

will be taken to adapt it to the needs of different types of young people。 

There will be more attempt to encourage initiative young pupils; and less 

desire to fill their minds with a set of beliefs and mental habits regarded as 

desirable by the State; chiefly because they help to preserve the status quo。 

For  the great   majority  of   children   it   will   probably  be   found desirable   to 

have much more outdoor education in the country。 And for older boys and 

girls   whose   interests   are   not   intellectual   or   artistic;   technical   education; 

undertaken       in   a  liberal   spirit;   is  far   more   useful  in  promoting      mental 

activity than book…learning which they regard (however falsely) as wholly 



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useless except for purposes of examination。 The really useful educa… tion 

is that which follows the direction of the child's own instinctive interests; 

supplying knowledge for which it is seeking; not dry; detailed information 

wholly out of relation to its spontaneous desires。 

       '60'   Some   may   fear   that   the   result   would   be   an   undue   increase   of 

population; but such fears I believe to be groundless。 See above; (Chapter 

IV;    on   ‘‘Work    and    Pay。''  Also;    Chapter    vi   of  ‘‘Principles     of  Social 

Reconstruction'' (George Allen and Unwin; Ltd。)。 

       Government and law will still exist in our community; but both will 

be reduced to a minimum。 There will still be acts which will be forbidden… 

…for    example;     murder。    But   very   nearly    the  whole     of  that  part   of  the 

criminal   law   which   deals   with   property   will   have   become   obsolete;   and 

many      of  the  motives     which    now    produce     murders     will  be   no   longer 

operative。   Those   who   nevertheless   still   do   commit   crimes   will   not   be 

blamed or regarded as wicked; they will be regarded as unfortunate; and 

kept in some   kind of   mental hospital until it is   thought   that   they  are   no 

longer   a   danger。   By   education   and   freedom   and   the   abolition   of   private 

capital   the   number   of   crimes   can   be   made   exceedingly   small。   By   the 

method   of   individual   curative   treatment   it   will   generally   be   possible   to 

secure that a man's first offense shall also be his last; except in the case of 

lunatics and the feeble…minded; for whom of course a more prolonged but 

not less kindly detention may be necessary。 

     Government may be regarded as consisting of two parts: the one; the 

decisions      of  the   community       or  its  recognized      organs;    the  other;   the 

enforcing of those decisions upon all who resist them。 The first part is not 

objected to by Anarchists。 The second part; in an ordinary civilized State; 

may remain entirely in the background: those who have resisted a new law 

while it was being debated will; as a rule; submit to it when it is passed; 

because resistance is generally useless in a settled and orderly community。 

But the possibility of governmental force remains; and indeed is the very 

reason     for   the    submission      which     makes     force    unnecessary。      If;  as 

Anarchists desire; there were no use of force by government; the majority 

could   still   band   themselves   together   and   use   force   against   the   minority。 

The only difference would be that their army or their police force would 



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be ad hoc; instead of being permanent and professional。 The result of this 

would be that everyone would have to learn how to fight; for fear a well… 

drilled    minority     should     seize   power     and    establish    an   old…fashioned 

oligarchic State。 Thus the aim of the Anarchists seems hardly likely to be 

achieved by the methods which they advocate。 

     The reign of violence in human affairs; whether within a country or in 

its external relations; can only be prevented; if we have not been mistaken; 

by an authority able to declare all use of force except by itself illegal; and 

strong   enough   to   be   obviously  capable   of   making   all   other   use   of   force 

futile;   except   when   it   could   secure   the   support   of   public   opinion   as   a 

defense   of   freedom   or   a   resistance   to   injustice。   Such   an   authority   exists 

within a country: it is the State。 But in international affairs it remains to be 

created。 The difficulties are stupendous; but they must be overcome if the 

world is to be saved from periodical wars; each more destructive than any 

of its predecessors。 Whether; after this war; a League of Nations will be 

formed; and will be capable of performing this task; it is as yet impossible 

to   foretell。   However   that   may   be;   some   method   of   preventing   wars   will 

have   to   be   established   before   our   Utopia   becomes   possible。   When   once 

men BELIEVE that the world is safe from war; the whole difficulty will be 

solved:     there   will   then    no   longer    be   any   serious    resistance     to  the 

disbanding of national armies and navies; and the substitution for them of 

a   small   international   force   for   protection   against   uncivilized   races。  And 

when that stage has been reached; peace will be virtually secure。 

     The practice of government by majorities; which Anarchists criticise; 

is in fact open to most of the objections which they urge against it。 Still 

more     objectionable      is  the   power    of   the   executive    in   matters    vitally 

affecting the happiness of all; such as peace and war。 But neither can be 

dispensed with suddenly。 There are; however; two methods of diminishing 

the harm done by them: (1) Government by majorities can be made less 

oppressive by  devolution; by  placing the   decision of questions primarily 

affecting   only   a   section   of   the   community   in   the   hands   of   that   section; 

rather than of a Central Chamber。 In this way; men are no longer forced to 

submit   to   decisions   made   in   a   hurry   by   people   mostly   ignorant   of   the 

matter in hand and not personally interested。 Autonomy for internal affairs 



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should be given; not only to areas; but to all groups; such as industries or 

Churches; which have important common interests not shared by the rest 

of   the   community。   (2)   The   great   powers   vested   in   the   executive   of   a 

modern   State   are   chiefly   due   to   the   frequent   need   of   rapid   decisions; 

especially as regards foreign affairs。 If the danger of war were practically 

eliminated; more cumbrous but less autocratic methods would be possible; 

and the Legislature might recover many of the powers which the executive 

has usurped。 By these two methods; the intensity of the interference with 

liberty   
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