ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡ÔĶÁ¹ý³Ì·¢ÏÖÈκδíÎóÇë¸æËßÎÒÃÇ£¬Ð»Ð»£¡£¡ ±¨¸æ´íÎó
¾ÅÉ«Êé¼® ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ½øÈëÊé°É ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©

proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ9ÕÂ

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




into¡¡the¡¡service¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡The¡¡modern¡¡State£»¡¡says¡¡Sorel£»¡¡¡®¡®is¡¡a¡¡body¡¡of¡¡

intellectuals£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡invested¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡privileges£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡possesses¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡26¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡27¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



means¡¡of¡¡the¡¡kind¡¡called¡¡political¡¡for¡¡defending¡¡itself¡¡against¡¡the¡¡attacks¡¡

made¡¡on¡¡it¡¡by¡¡other¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡intellectuals£»¡¡eager¡¡to¡¡possess¡¡the¡¡profits¡¡of¡¡

public¡¡employment¡£¡¡Parties¡¡are¡¡constituted¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡acquire¡¡the¡¡conquest¡¡

of¡¡these¡¡employments£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡are¡¡analogous¡¡to¡¡the¡¡State¡£''£§10£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§10£§¡¡La¡¡Decomposition¡¡du¡¡Marxisme£»''¡¡p¡£¡¡53¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Syndicalists¡¡aim¡¡at¡¡organizing¡¡men£»¡¡not¡¡by¡¡party£»¡¡but¡¡by¡¡occupation¡£¡¡

This£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡say£»¡¡¡¡¡¡alone¡¡¡¡¡¡represents¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡true¡¡¡¡¡¡conception¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡method¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

class¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡£¡¡¡¡Accordingly¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡despise¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡POLITICAL¡¡¡¡¡¡action¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

medium¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Parliament¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡elections£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡kind¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡action¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡they¡¡

recommend¡¡is¡¡direct¡¡action¡¡by¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡syndicate¡¡or¡¡trade¡¡union¡£¡¡

The¡¡battle¡­¡¡cry¡¡of¡¡industrial¡¡versus¡¡political¡¡action¡¡has¡¡spread¡¡far¡¡beyond¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡ranks¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡French¡¡¡¡¡¡Syndicalism¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡W¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡W¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

America£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡Industrial¡¡¡¡¡¡Unionists¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Guild¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialists¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Great¡¡

Britain¡£¡¡Those¡¡who¡¡advocate¡¡it£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part£»¡¡aim¡¡also¡¡at¡¡a¡¡different¡¡

goal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Marx¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡believe¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡adequate¡¡

individual¡¡freedom¡¡where¡¡the¡¡State¡¡is¡¡all¡­powerful£»¡¡even¡¡if¡¡the¡¡State¡¡be¡¡a¡¡

Socialist¡¡one¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡are¡¡out¡­and¡­¡¡out¡¡Anarchists£»¡¡who¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡see¡¡

the¡¡State¡¡wholly¡¡abolished£»¡¡others¡¡only¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡curtail¡¡its¡¡authority¡£¡¡Owing¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡movement£»¡¡¡¡¡¡opposition¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchist¡¡¡¡¡¡side¡¡

existed¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first£»¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡grown¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡strong¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡opposition¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡

older¡¡form¡¡that¡¡will¡¡occupy¡¡us¡¡in¡¡our¡¡next¡¡chapter¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡II¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡BAKUNIN¡¡AND¡¡ANARCHISM¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡IN¡¡the¡¡popular¡¡mind£»¡¡an¡¡Anarchist¡¡is¡¡a¡¡person¡¡who¡¡throws¡¡bombs¡¡and¡¡

commits¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡outrages£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡insane£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡

because¡¡he¡¡uses¡¡the¡¡pretense¡¡of¡¡extreme¡¡political¡¡opinions¡¡as¡¡a¡¡cloak¡¡for¡¡

criminal¡¡¡¡¡¡proclivities¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡view¡¡¡¡¡¡is£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡course£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡inadequate¡£¡¡

Some¡¡Anarchists¡¡believe¡¡in¡¡throwing¡¡bombs£»¡¡many¡¡do¡¡not¡£¡¡Men¡¡of¡¡almost¡¡

every¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡shade¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡opinion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡believe¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡throwing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bombs¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡suitable¡¡

circumstances£º¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡threw¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bomb¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡Sarajevo¡¡

which¡¡started¡¡the¡¡present¡¡war¡¡were¡¡not¡¡Anarchists£»¡¡but¡¡Nationalists¡£¡¡And¡¡

those¡¡Anarchists¡¡who¡¡are¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of¡¡bomb¡­throwing¡¡do¡¡not¡¡in¡¡this¡¡respect¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡27¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡28¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



differ¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡vital¡¡¡¡¡¡principle¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rest¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡community£»¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

exception¡¡of¡¡that¡¡infinitesimal¡¡portion¡¡who¡¡adopt¡¡the¡¡Tolstoyan¡¡attitude¡¡of¡¡

non¡­resistance¡£¡¡Anarchists£»¡¡like¡¡Socialists£»¡¡usually¡¡believe¡¡in¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡class¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡they¡¡use¡¡bombs£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡as¡¡Governments¡¡use¡¡bombs£»¡¡

for¡¡¡¡¡¡purposes¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡war£º¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡bomb¡¡¡¡¡¡manufactured¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡an¡¡Anarchist£»¡¡

many¡¡¡¡¡¡millions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡manufactured¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Governments£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡

killed¡¡by¡¡Anarchist¡¡violence£»¡¡many¡¡millions¡¡are¡¡killed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡violence¡¡of¡¡

States¡£¡¡We¡¡may£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡dismiss¡¡from¡¡our¡¡minds¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡question¡¡of¡¡

violence£»¡¡which¡¡plays¡¡so¡¡large¡¡a¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡popular¡¡imagination£»¡¡since¡¡it¡¡is¡¡

neither¡¡essential¡¡nor¡¡peculiar¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who¡¡adopt¡¡the¡¡Anarchist¡¡position¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchism£»¡¡as¡¡its¡¡derivation¡¡indicates£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡theory¡¡which¡¡is¡¡opposed¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡kind¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡forcible¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡opposed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

embodiment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡force¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡government¡¡of¡¡the¡¡community¡£¡¡

Such¡¡government¡¡as¡¡Anarchism¡¡can¡¡tolerate¡¡must¡¡be¡¡free¡¡government£»¡¡not¡¡

merely¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡of¡¡a¡¡majority£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡

that¡¡assented¡¡to¡¡by¡¡all¡£¡¡Anarchists¡¡object¡¡to¡¡such¡¡institutions¡¡as¡¡the¡¡police¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡criminal¡¡¡¡¡¡law£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

community¡¡is¡¡forced¡¡upon¡¡another¡¡part¡£¡¡In¡¡their¡¡view£»¡¡the¡¡democratic¡¡form¡¡

of¡¡government¡¡is¡¡not¡¡very¡¡enormously¡¡preferable¡¡to¡¡other¡¡forms¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡

minorities¡¡are¡¡compelled¡¡by¡¡force¡¡or¡¡its¡¡potentiality¡¡to¡¡submit¡¡to¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡

majorities¡£¡¡Liberty¡¡is¡¡the¡¡supreme¡¡good¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Anarchist¡¡creed£»¡¡and¡¡liberty¡¡

is¡¡¡¡¡¡sought¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡direct¡¡¡¡¡¡road¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡abolishing¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡forcible¡¡¡¡¡¡control¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

individual¡¡by¡¡the¡¡community¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchism£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡sense£»¡¡is¡¡no¡¡new¡¡doctrine¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡set¡¡forth¡¡admirably¡¡

by¡¡Chuang¡¡Tzu£»¡¡a¡¡Chinese¡¡philosopher£»¡¡who¡¡lived¡¡about¡¡the¡¡year¡¡300¡¡B¡£¡¡

C¡££º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Horses¡¡have¡¡hoofs¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡them¡¡over¡¡frost¡¡and¡¡snow£»¡¡hair£»¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡

them¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡wind¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡cold¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡eat¡¡¡¡¡¡grass¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡drink¡¡¡¡¡¡water£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡fling¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡

their¡¡heels¡¡over¡¡the¡¡champaign¡£¡¡Such¡¡is¡¡the¡¡real¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡horses¡£¡¡Palatial¡¡

dwellings¡¡are¡¡of¡¡no¡¡use¡¡to¡¡them¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡One¡¡¡¡¡¡day¡¡¡¡Po¡¡¡¡¡¡Lo¡¡¡¡¡¡appeared£»¡¡¡¡¡¡saying£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®I¡¡¡¡¡¡understand¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡management¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

horses¡£''¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡So¡¡he¡¡branded¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡clipped¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡pared¡¡their¡¡hoofs£»¡¡and¡¡put¡¡

halters¡¡on¡¡them£»¡¡tying¡¡them¡¡up¡¡by¡¡the¡¡head¡¡and¡¡shackling¡¡them¡¡by¡¡the¡¡feet£»¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡28¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡29¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



and¡¡disposing¡¡them¡¡in¡¡stables£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡result¡¡that¡¡two¡¡or¡¡three¡¡in¡¡every¡¡ten¡¡

died¡£¡¡Then¡¡he¡¡kept¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡hungry¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡thirsty£»¡¡¡¡trotting¡¡them¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡galloping¡¡

them£»¡¡and¡¡grooming£»¡¡and¡¡trimming£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡misery¡¡of¡¡the¡¡tasselled¡¡bridle¡¡

before¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fear¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡knotted¡¡¡¡¡¡whip¡¡¡¡¡¡behind£»¡¡¡¡¡¡until¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡half¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

them¡¡were¡¡dead¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡potter¡¡says£º¡¡¡®¡®I¡¡can¡¡do¡¡what¡¡I¡¡will¡¡with¡¡Clay¡£¡¡If¡¡I¡¡want¡¡it¡¡round£»¡¡I¡¡

use¡¡compasses£»¡¡if¡¡rectangular£»¡¡a¡¡square¡£''¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡carpenter¡¡¡¡¡¡says£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®I¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡wood¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡want¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡

curved£»¡¡I¡¡use¡¡an¡¡arc£»¡¡if¡¡straight£»¡¡a¡¡line¡£''¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡on¡¡what¡¡grounds¡¡can¡¡we¡¡think¡¡that¡¡the¡¡natures¡¡of¡¡clay¡¡and¡¡wood¡¡

desire¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡application¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡compasses¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡square£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡arc¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡line£¿¡¡

Nevertheless£»¡¡every¡¡age¡¡extols¡¡Po¡¡Lo¡¡for¡¡his¡¡skill¡¡in¡¡managing¡¡horses£»¡¡and¡¡

potters¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡carpenters¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡skill¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡clay¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡wood¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡

govern¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡make¡¡the¡¡same¡¡mistake¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Now¡¡I¡¡regard¡¡government¡¡of¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡from¡¡quite¡¡a¡¡different¡¡point¡¡of¡¡

view¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡instincts£ºto¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡weave¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡clothe¡¡

themselves£»¡¡to¡¡till¡¡and¡¡feed¡¡themselves¡£¡¡These¡¡are¡¡common¡¡to¡¡all¡¡humanity£»¡¡

and¡¡all¡¡are¡¡agreed¡¡thereon¡£¡¡Such¡¡instincts¡¡are¡¡called¡¡¡®¡®Heaven¡­sent¡£''¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡days¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡instincts¡¡¡¡¡¡prevailed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡moved¡¡

quietly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡gazed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡steadily¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡roads¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡

mountains£»¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡boats£»¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡bridges¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡water¡£¡¡All¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡produced£»¡¡

each¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡proper¡¡¡¡¡¡sphere¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Birds¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡beasts¡¡¡¡¡¡multiplied£»¡¡¡¡¡¡trees¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

shrubs¡¡grew¡¡up¡£¡¡The¡¡former¡¡might¡¡be¡¡led¡¡by¡¡the¡¡hand£»¡¡you¡¡could¡¡climb¡¡up¡¡

and¡¡peep¡¡into¡¡the¡¡raven's¡¡nest¡£¡¡For¡¡then¡¡man¡¡dwelt¡¡with¡¡birds¡¡and¡¡beasts£»¡¡

and¡¡all¡¡creation¡¡was¡¡one¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡no¡¡distinctions¡¡of¡¡good¡¡and¡¡bad¡¡men¡£¡¡

Being¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡equally¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡knowledge£»¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡virtue¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡go¡¡¡¡¡¡astray¡£¡¡

Being¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡equally¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡evil¡¡¡¡¡¡desires£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡state¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡

integrity£»¡¡the¡¡perfection¡¡of¡¡human¡¡existence¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Sages¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡appeared£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tripping¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡charity¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

fettering¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡duty¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡neighbor£»¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

world¡£¡¡And¡¡then£»¡¡with¡¡their¡¡gushing¡¡over¡¡music¡¡and¡¡fussing¡¡over¡¡ceremony£»¡¡

the¡¡empire¡¡became¡¡divided¡¡against¡¡itself¡££§11£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§11£§¡¡¡®¡®Musings¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Chinese¡¡Mystic¡£''¡¡Selections¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Philosophy¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡29¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡30¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



of¡¡¡¡¡¡Chuang¡¡¡¡¡¡Tzu¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡Introduction¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Lionel¡¡¡¡¡¡Giles£»¡¡¡¡¡¡M¡£A¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Oxon¡££©¡£¡¡

Wisdom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡East¡¡Series£»¡¡John¡¡Murray£»¡¡1911¡£¡¡Pages¡¡66¡­68¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡modern¡¡Anarchism£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡which¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡concerned¡¡

with¡¡it£»¡¡is¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡belief¡¡in¡¡the¡¡communal¡¡ownership¡¡of¡¡land¡¡and¡¡

capital£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡thus¡¡in¡¡an¡¡important¡¡respect¡¡akin¡¡to¡¡Socialism¡£¡¡This¡¡doctrine¡¡

is¡¡properly¡¡called¡¡Anarchist¡¡Com¡­¡¡munism£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡it¡¡embraces¡¡practically¡¡

all¡¡modern¡¡Anarchism£»¡¡we¡¡may¡¡ignore¡¡individualist¡¡Anarchism¡¡altogether¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡concentrate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡attention¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡communistic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

Anarchist¡¡Communism¡¡alike¡¡have¡¡arisen¡¡from¡¡the¡¡perc
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
δÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡